연구 방법을 한데 모은 단 하나의 카탈로그 — 각 방법이 어떻게 작동하는지, 언제 쓰는지, 무엇을 할 수 없는지 알아보세요.
Differential ChIP-seq peak calling identifies genomic loci where a protein of interest — typically a transcription factor or histone mark — shows significantly altered binding or occupancy between two or more biological conditions. By combining standard ChIP-seq peak detection with count-based statistical testing, the
Differential copy number variation (dCNV) analysis identifies genomic regions where DNA copy numbers differ systematically between two conditions — such as tumor versus normal tissue, case versus control cohorts, or treated versus untreated cells. By combining probe-level read-depth or array-intensity data with statist
A Differential Epigenome-Wide Association Study (Differential EWAS) scans hundreds of thousands of CpG methylation sites across the genome to identify those whose methylation levels differ significantly between two or more comparison groups — such as cases vs. controls, exposed vs. unexposed, or distinct developmental
Differential eQTL analysis identifies genetic variants — expression quantitative trait loci — whose regulatory effect on gene expression varies systematically across biological conditions such as tissue types, disease states, developmental stages, or treatment groups. By testing for statistical interactions between gen
Differential metabolomics analysis is a computational pipeline that identifies metabolites whose abundance levels differ significantly between two or more biological conditions — such as disease versus control, treated versus untreated, or different developmental stages. By integrating mass spectrometry or NMR data wit
Differential pathway enrichment analysis identifies biological pathways whose enrichment signals differ significantly between two or more experimental conditions — for example, between two diseases, two treatments, or two cell types. Rather than asking which pathways are enriched in one condition, it asks which pathway
Differential proteomics analysis is a quantitative pipeline that identifies proteins whose abundance levels change significantly between two or more biological conditions — such as healthy versus diseased tissue, treated versus untreated cells, or different developmental stages. By combining mass spectrometry-based det
Differential single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis is a computational pipeline that compares transcriptomic profiles across biological conditions — such as treated versus untreated, disease versus healthy, or time points — at single-cell resolution. It identifies which genes, cell types, and cell states change betwe
Differential variant calling is a bioinformatics pipeline that identifies genetic variants — single nucleotide variants (SNVs), small insertions/deletions (indels), and structural variants — that are present in one biological sample or condition but absent (or significantly enriched) in a paired reference sample. The c
Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) is a quantitative, data-driven pipeline that predicts the spatial distribution of soil properties and classes across a landscape by statistically linking field observations to environmental covariates — terrain attributes, remote sensing imagery, climate surfaces, and geology layers. The appr
Distance sampling is a statistical method for estimating population abundance from data on distances between observers and detected individuals. Developed by Buckland and colleagues (1993) and formalized in the software Distance, this approach accounts for imperfect detection: animals far from an observer are less like
The DPPH radical scavenging assay is a rapid, widely used spectrophotometric method for measuring the antioxidant capacity of foods, plant extracts, and purified compounds. It quantifies how effectively a sample neutralises the stable synthetic free radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) by measuring the resultin
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat absorbed or released by a sample as temperature changes, enabling characterization of starch gelatinization—the structural transformation of starch granules when heated with water. DSC reveals the temperature at which starch
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding detects and identifies species present in environmental samples (water, soil, air) by sequencing short DNA fragments released by organisms. Developed by Taberlet and colleagues (2012), this approach has revolutionized biodiversity monitoring: species can be surveyed without captur
Electrofishing is a bioelectrical sampling technique in which electric current is applied to water to stun fish temporarily, allowing their capture for identification, measurement, and return to the stream. Developed in the 1950s and refined continuously, electrofishing is the standard method for inventorying fish comm
An electronic nose (e-nose) is an instrumental analytical device that mimics the mammalian olfactory system to detect and identify volatile organic compounds (odors) in food products. Developed by Persaud and Dodd in 1982, e-noses use arrays of non-selective chemical sensors combined with pattern recognition algorithms
Electroretinography (ERG) is an electrophysiological technique that records the electrical activity generated by the retina in response to light stimulation. By measuring the amplitude and timing of the resulting potential, ERG provides objective assessment of retinal photoreceptor and bipolar cell function independent
ELISA is a plate-based immunoassay technique that detects and quantifies proteins, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and other analytes in biological samples. Widely used in veterinary science, medicine, and food safety, it exploits the specificity of antibody–antigen binding coupled to an enzyme-driven colorimetric sign
An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) is a hypothesis-free, genome-scale method that systematically tests whether epigenetic marks — predominantly CpG-site DNA methylation — differ between individuals with and without a trait, disease, or exposure. By scanning hundreds of thousands of genomic positions simultaneou
An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) applied to educational research scans DNA methylation levels at hundreds of thousands of CpG sites across the genome to identify loci whose methylation is statistically associated with educational attainment, cognitive ability, or related learning outcomes. By linking blood- o
eQTL analysis identifies genomic loci (variants, typically SNPs) whose genotype statistically associates with variation in the expression level of one or more genes. By jointly profiling DNA-level variation and RNA-level expression in the same individuals, eQTL studies decode the regulatory grammar of the genome — reve
Equine Gait Analysis is a systematic evaluation of a horse's movement patterns at walk, trot, and canter to detect lameness, asymmetry, and biomechanical dysfunction. Combining visual observation with increasingly sophisticated instrumental techniques (force plate analysis, kinematics, accelerometry), gait analysis is
F-statistics are a family of measures developed by Sewall Wright to quantify population genetic structure and the degree of genetic differentiation between populations. FST, the most widely used F-statistic, measures the proportion of total genetic variation attributable to differences between populations versus within
Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity (PD), introduced by David Faith (1992), measures the evolutionary diversity within a community by summing the branch lengths of a phylogenetic tree connecting all species. Unlike species richness, which counts species equally regardless of evolutionary relationships, PD weights species by
Fertigation scheduling integrates irrigation and nutrient delivery to optimize plant nutrition while minimizing waste and environmental impact. By applying fertilizers through drip or sprinkler systems at precise times and rates matched to plant development stage and soil water availability, growers can improve nutrien
The Fire Weather Index (FWI) System, developed by the Canadian Forest Service, is a comprehensive weather-based fire danger rating system consisting of six component indices and an overall Fire Weather Index. It uses daily weather observations (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and precipitation) to estimate
Focal Animal Sampling (FAS) is a systematic observational method in which an observer focuses on one individual animal at a time, recording its behavior continuously or at regular intervals for a fixed period. Introduced by Jeanne Altmann in 1974, FAS provides detailed, quantitative ethograms of individual behavior, ma
Food web topology analysis characterizes the structure of predator-prey interactions within ecological communities using network metrics. Pioneered by Williams and Martinez (2000) and extended by Dunne and colleagues (2002), this approach maps which species eat which and quantifies network properties (connectivity, clu
Forest fire risk assessment quantifies the probability and potential severity of wildfire in forest ecosystems, integrating stand structure, fuel characteristics, weather patterns, and topography. Developed by Van Wagner, Rothermel, and fire science communities, fire risk models predict fire ignition likelihood, fire b
Forest inventory sampling is a systematic approach to estimate forest characteristics such as timber volume, species composition, and biomass by surveying a representative subset of trees rather than conducting exhaustive censuses. Developed by Loetsch and colleagues in the 1970s, the method applies statistical samplin
The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) is a widely used growth and yield model system developed by the USDA Forest Service that simulates tree and stand development over multiple decades. FVS uses individual-tree growth models (not stand averages) parameterized for different forest regions, allowing realistic simulation
Freeze-drying, also called lyophilization, is a low-temperature dehydration process in which water is first frozen solid and then removed by sublimation under reduced pressure, bypassing the liquid phase entirely. Widely used in food science, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology, it preserves the physical structure, nutr
Fruit color analysis employs spectrophotometric measurement to quantify ripeness and quality based on chromatic properties. Using the CIE L*a*b* color space, introduced in 1976, this non-destructive method objectively grades fruit maturity and predicts sensory acceptability. It is widely applied in commercial sorting l
Functional diversity quantifies the range and abundance distribution of functional traits (morphology, physiology, behavior) among species in a community. Developed by Mouillot and colleagues (2008), functional diversity indices measure how different species are in their ecological roles and resource use strategies. Un
GCTA (Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis) is a computational toolkit for estimating heritability and genetic correlations from genome-wide genotype and phenotype data. Developed by Yang and Visscher in 2011, GCTA uses genome-wide restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) to partition phenotypic variance into components exp
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) is a computational method that determines whether a predefined set of genes — representing a biological pathway, process, or function — shows statistically significant, coordinated differences between two biological conditions. Unlike simple fold-change filtering, GSEA operates on al
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) systematically tests hundreds of thousands to millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the human genome for statistical association with a trait or disease. By comparing allele frequencies between cases and controls — or by regressing SNP genotypes on a quantitati
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) applied to educational research scans millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the human genome to identify genetic variants statistically associated with educational outcomes such as years of schooling, degree attainment, or cognitive test scores. Large consortia
Germination Kinetics Modeling is a quantitative method used in agronomy, seed science, and crop physiology to describe, predict, and compare the speed and uniformity of seed germination under varying environmental conditions. It draws on thermal time and hydrothermal time frameworks to link temperature, water potential
Grafting success evaluation assesses the degree of vascular union formation and physiological compatibility between scion (upper) and rootstock (lower) in grafted plants. This method combines visual inspection of callus development, histological analysis, anatomical measurements, and physiological testing to predict lo
Greenhouse climate control integrates measurement, modeling, and automated actuation to maintain optimal temperature, humidity, light, and CO₂ concentrations for plant growth. Modern systems use sensors and control algorithms to respond dynamically to external weather and internal plant needs. This approach increases y
HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) is a systematic preventive approach to food safety developed in the late 1980s by Bryan and colleagues. It identifies potential biological, chemical, and physical hazards in food production processes and establishes critical control points to prevent contamination. HA
The Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay is a classical serological test used to detect and quantify antibodies against hemagglutinating viruses — most notably influenza and Newcastle disease virus — in animal and human serum. Widely employed in veterinary diagnostics, vaccine efficacy evaluation, and epidemiological
Hi-C (High-Chromosome Conformation Capture) is a technique and associated computational methods for mapping the 3D architecture of the genome within cells. Developed by Lieberman-Aiden and Dekker in 2009, Hi-C identifies physical interactions between genomic regions that may be distant in linear sequence but spatially
The Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade (HKA) test is a statistical method that tests for neutral evolution by comparing levels of within-population polymorphism and between-population divergence at multiple loci. Developed by Hudson, Kreitman, and Aguade in 1987, this test uses the principle that neutral loci should show expected
HMMER profile search identifies distant protein sequence homologs using probabilistic models of protein families, known as profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Developed by Eddy and colleagues, this method captures sequence variation patterns within protein families and detects homologs with far greater sensitivity tha
Homology modeling, also called comparative modeling, predicts the three-dimensional structure of a protein using an experimentally-solved structure of a homologous protein as a template. Introduced by Sali and Blundell in 1993, this method exploits the principle that homologous proteins share similar spatial structures
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an analytical technique that separates, identifies, and quantifies components in a complex food sample by passing the sample through a pressurized column packed with a stationary phase. Developed by Horváth in the early 1970s, HPLC enables rapid, sensitive measurement of
Hydroponic nutrient solution management involves formulating, monitoring, and adjusting the chemical composition of water-based growing media to deliver optimal nutrition without soil. This method combines analytical chemistry (nutrient analysis, pH, electrical conductivity) with plant physiology to diagnose deficienci
Identity-by-descent (IBD) mapping is a genetic mapping technique that identifies disease loci in consanguineous families or isolated populations by detecting homozygous chromosomal segments shared among affected individuals. Developed by Lander and Botstein in 1987, this method exploits the fact that rare disease allel
Indicator Value (IndVal) analysis, developed by Dufrene and Legendre (1997), identifies species that reliably indicate the presence of particular environmental conditions, habitat types, or community groups. The method quantifies the association between species and habitat, producing an indicator value that combines sp
Integral projection models (IPMs) are a class of structured population models that use continuous traits (size, age, height) to describe population dynamics. Introduced by Easterling and colleagues (2000) and developed extensively by Ellner, Rees, and collaborators, IPMs overcome limitations of age- or stage-structured
Irrigation Scheduling with ETo is a water balance pipeline for determining when and how much to irrigate based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo), soil properties, and crop water demand. Standardized by the FAO in the Penman-Monteith equation and widely adopted globally, this method enables efficient water use in ir
IVF Embryo Grading is a standardized morphological assessment system for evaluating the quality and viability of embryos in assisted reproductive technology. First formalized by Gardner and colleagues in 1999, it uses microscopic examination to score embryos across multiple criteria, enabling clinicians to select the m
The Janka hardness test measures wood resistance to indentation and denting by forcing a steel ball into the wood surface under standard load. Developed by Gabriel Janka in 1934, the test is a simple, nondestructive indicator of wood durability, wear resistance, and suitability for flooring, furniture, and other wear-p
Just-About-Right (JAR) Scaling is a consumer-based sensory evaluation method that asks respondents to rate sensory attributes not on intensity alone, but on whether they perceive the attribute as too weak, just right, or too strong for the product. Developed by Lawless in the mid-1990s, JAR scaling bridges the gap betw
Karl Fischer Titration (KFT) is a precise analytical method for determining water content in food and pharmaceutical products. Developed by Karl Fischer in 1935, KFT uses a chemical reaction between water and an iodine-based titrant, allowing quantification of moisture with exceptional accuracy and sensitivity. KFT is
The Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) is a cumulative drought severity index used in fire danger rating systems to track long-term soil moisture depletion and drying trends. Developed in 1968 by Keetch and Byram, KBDI integrates daily temperature, precipitation, and prior drought state to produce a continuous index ran
The Kjeldahl Method is a classical analytical procedure for determining the total nitrogen content of food products, developed by Johan Kjeldahl in 1883. By measuring total nitrogen and applying a conversion factor specific to the food type, the method indirectly determines crude protein content. Kjeldahl remains the o
The Klason lignin method is a standard chemical test for quantifying the acid-insoluble lignin content in wood and plant biomass. Developed by Erik Klason in 1908, the method treats wood with sulfuric acid to dissolve carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) while leaving the acid-insoluble lignin residue. Klason li