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6,515 metod11 oborů7 rodin metod40 jazyků
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OborHealth & Medicine716Psychology570Business & Finance410Engineering330Life Sciences263Education261Research Practice248Natural Sciences
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Social Sciences185
Environment & Sustainability160
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MetodaStatistika1,836Umělá inteligence a strojové učení1,661Vědy o rozhodování932Výzkumné metody1,354Měření1,745Kauzalita a důkazy532Výzkumná praxe118
1,410 metod · MěřeníVymazat
Skutečné metody odpovídající vašemu filtru.
SeřaditPopularitaA–ZZ–ANejnovější
strategic management

Absorptive Capacity Scale

Absorptive Capacity (ACAP) refers to an organization's ability to acquire, assimilate, transform, and exploit external knowledge to enhance innovation and performance. Zahra and George (2002) reconceptualized absorptive capacity into four distinct but interrelated processes in their foundational Academy of Management R

3 zdrojů2002
acoustics

Acoustic Holography

Near-Field Acoustic Holography (NAH) is a technique for reconstructing 3D acoustic sound fields and visualizing sound radiation from sources by measuring pressure at a dense microphone array in the near field. Pioneered by Maynard, Williams, and Lee in 1985, NAH extends holographic principles from optics to acoustics,

3 zdrojů1985
environmental engineering

Activated Sludge Model

The Activated Sludge Model (ASM) is a standardized mathematical framework for simulating biological wastewater treatment processes, developed by the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) beginning in 1987. It represents the transport, transformation, and fate of organic matter and nutrients in suspended-gro

3 zdrojů1976
sports science

Acute-Chronic Workload Ratio

The acute-chronic workload ratio (ACWR) is the ratio of acute training load (typically the past 1 week) to chronic training load (typically the rolling 4-week average). Formalized by Tim Gabbett (2016), ACWR is a widely adopted metric for predicting injury and illness risk in sports. The logic is straightforward: rapid

3 zdrojů2016
sustainability

Carbon Accounting

Carbon accounting is a systematic process-pipeline method for identifying, quantifying, and reporting an organization's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in CO₂-equivalent units. Codified by the WRI/WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol in 2004, it is used by corporations, governments, and NGOs to measure their climate impact, se

1 zdroj2004
social psychology

Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale

The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is a 25-item self-report measure of psychological resilience—the capacity to cope with stress, adversity, and trauma while maintaining psychological functioning. Developed by Kathryn Connor and Jonathan Davidson in 2003, the CD-RISC operationalizes resilience as a multidim

3 zdrojů2003
political psychology

Democratic Support Scale

The Democratic Support Scale measures citizen commitment to democracy as a regime type, including beliefs that democracy is the best system of government, willingness to defend democratic institutions, and rejection of non-democratic alternatives. Pioneered by Norris (1999) and Dalton (2004) in comparative research, th

3 zdrojů1999
marketing management

E-S-QUAL Electronic Service Quality Scale

E-S-QUAL is a 22-item scale developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Malhotra (2005) to measure service quality in electronic commerce and digital service environments. Adapting the foundational SERVQUAL dimensions to online contexts, E-S-QUAL assesses four core dimensions: Efficiency (ability to complete transactions q

2 zdrojů2005
nutritional science

FFQ

The Food Frequency Questionnaire is a self-administered dietary assessment tool designed to measure habitual food and nutrient intake over an extended period (typically 6–12 months). Developed by epidemiologists, particularly Walter Willett at Harvard, the FFQ has become a cornerstone of nutritional epidemiology resear

2 zdrojů1986
food science

Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry

Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O) combines the separation power of gas chromatography with human olfactory perception to identify which volatile compounds in a food sample contribute to its aroma. Developed by Acree and colleagues in the 1990s, GC-O allows researchers to bypass the human nose's inability to consci

2 zdrojů1997
dentistry

Gingival Index

The Gingival Index (GI), also known as the Loe-Silness Index, is a standardized clinician-rated assessment tool for measuring the severity of gingival inflammation and periodontal disease. Developed by Loe and Silness in 1963, the GI remains the gold standard for quantifying gum inflammation in clinical research and pr

1 zdroj1963
anxiety disorders

Health Anxiety Questionnaire

The Health Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ) is a self-report measure assessing the preoccupation, worry, and avoidance behaviors related to health concerns. Developed by Lucock and colleagues in 2007, the HAQ measures the cognitive and behavioral dimensions of health anxiety (formerly called hypochondriasis). It is used to

1 zdroj2007
human computer interaction

Heuristic Evaluation

Heuristic Evaluation is a usability inspection method in which small teams of expert evaluators examine an interface and judge its compliance with established usability principles (heuristics). Developed by Jakob Nielsen and Rolf Molich in 1990, this method is rapid and low-cost, identifying 60–90% of usability problem

2 zdrojů1990
obstetrics gynecology

Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire

The Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) is a 29-item self-report instrument designed to assess quality of life in women experiencing menopausal symptoms. Developed by Hilditch and colleagues in 1996, the MENQOL captures four interrelated symptom domains: vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes, night swea

1 zdroj1996
neuropsychology

Mini-Mental State Examination

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a brief, 30-point screening instrument developed by Folstein, Folstein, and McHugh in 1975 to assess cognitive function in clinical settings. It is designed to detect cognitive impairment and monitor cognitive decline over time, particularly in older adults and patients with

3 zdrojů1975
neurology

MSQOL-54

The MSQOL-54 is a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument designed to assess the physical and mental burden of multiple sclerosis on patients' daily functioning and well-being. Developed by Vickrey and colleagues in 1995, it combines the widely-used SF-36 generic health questionnaire with 18 MS-specific items to pr

1 zdroj1995
clinical assessment

MUST Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool

The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), developed by Elia and endorsed by BAPEN (British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition), is a rapid 3-component screening tool for identifying adults at risk of malnutrition in hospital and community settings. It is based on BMI, unintentional weight loss, an

2 zdrojů2003
dentistry

OES

The Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) is a multi-item instrument measuring perception of esthetic quality of teeth, smile, and facial appearance in relation to oral conditions. Developed across multiple research groups in orthodontic and restorative dentistry, the OES quantifies patient and clinician satisfaction with den

1 zdroj2000
political psychology

Political Ideology Scale

The Political Ideology Scale measures individual self-placement on a left-right political spectrum, capturing fundamental preferences for government role, economic organization, and social values. The single-item self-placement measure (most common) asks respondents to rate themselves on a 0-10 or 0-100 continuum; mult

3 zdrojů1990
tourism management

Tourist Satisfaction Scale

The Tourist Satisfaction Scale (TSS) measures overall and domain-specific satisfaction of visitors to a destination or tourism facility. Developed across multiple research streams in the 1990s-2000s, it quantifies how well tourism experiences meet visitor expectations across accommodation, attractions, service quality,

3 zdrojů1990
political psychology

Voter Cynicism Scale

The Voter Cynicism Scale measures citizen skepticism and disillusionment regarding the political process, including beliefs that the electoral system is rigged, politicians are self-serving, and voting does not matter. The measure captures a pessimistic orientation toward electoral democracy distinct from distrust in i

3 zdrojů1960
sports science

1RM Estimation

One-repetition maximum (1RM) estimation is a method to predict an athlete's maximum strength in a given lift without performing an actual maximal single repetition. Developed systematically by Matt Brzycki (1993) and refined by numerous researchers, 1RM estimation uses submaximal loads and repetition performance to ext

3 zdrojů1993
psychometrics

2PL IRT

The two-parameter logistic item response model, formalised by Frederic Lord (1980), describes the probability that a respondent answers a binary test item correctly as a smooth S-shaped function of the respondent's latent ability. By estimating a separate discrimination parameter for each item alongside a difficulty pa

2 zdrojů1980
psychometrics

3PL IRT

The three-parameter logistic (3PL) model, introduced by Allan Birnbaum in 1968, is an item response theory model that describes the probability of a correct response to a binary test item as a function of three item-level parameters — difficulty, discrimination, and a lower asymptote representing guessing — and one per

2 zdrojů1968
occupational therapy

9HPT

The Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) is a brief, quantitative, performance-based measure of fine motor hand dexterity and coordination. Developed by Mathiowetz and colleagues (1985) at the University of Minnesota, the 9HPT is one of the simplest and most widely used screening tests for hand function, particularly finger dexte

2 zdrojů1985
bereavement psychology

AAG

The Adult Attitude to Grief Scale (AAG) is a measure assessing individual beliefs, attitudes, and values regarding grief and bereavement. Developed by Richard K. Barrett, the AAG captures how adults conceptualize grief—including beliefs about whether grief is acceptable, whether emotions should be expressed, whether se

1 zdroj1994
neuropsychology

Abbreviated Mental Test Score

The Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) is a brief, 10-item cognitive screening instrument developed by Hodkinson in 1972 and originally published in Age and Ageing. It was specifically designed to quickly assess cognitive function in older hospitalized patients, detecting delirium and dementia in acute hospital settings. Th

3 zdrojů1972
gerontology

ABC Scale

The Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale is a self-report questionnaire developed by Powell and Myers in 1995 to measure an older adult's confidence in maintaining balance while performing 16 common daily activities. Unlike performance-based balance tests, the ABC Scale captures self-efficacy—the person's

3 zdrojů1995
optics

ABCD Matrix

The ABCD matrix, or ray transfer matrix method, is a compact algebraic framework for analyzing optical systems. Introduced by Kogelnik and Li in 1966, it represents the linear transformation of ray position and angle (or Gaussian beam parameters) through optical elements. This method is foundational in laser physics, G

3 zdrojů1966
educational psychology

Academic Burnout Scale

The Academic Burnout Scale measures three dimensions of student burnout: emotional exhaustion, cynicism toward studies, and reduced academic efficacy. Developed by Schaufeli and colleagues in 2002, it adapts the Maslach Burnout Inventory framework to the academic context, providing researchers and educators with a vali

2 zdrojů2002
educational psychology

Academic Help-Seeking Scale

The Academic Help-Seeking Scale measures students' inclination to seek academic help, their preferred sources of assistance (instructors, peers, tutors), and barriers that inhibit help-seeking (fear of judgment, embarrassment, preference for independence). Developed by Karabenick and colleagues in the 1990s, the AHSS r

2 zdrojů1990
educational psychology

Academic Integrity Scale

The Academic Integrity Scale measures students' attitudes, values, and likelihood of engaging in academic dishonesty including cheating, plagiarism, and unauthorized collaboration. Multiple validated versions exist, each assessing different facets of academic integrity such as personal integrity commitment, perceived c

2 zdrojů2000
educational psychology

Academic Motivation Scale

The Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) is a 28-item self-report instrument developed by Vallerand et al. (1992) to assess the quality of students' academic motivation. It distinguishes between intrinsic motivation (motivation for knowledge, accomplishment, and stimulation), extrinsic motivation (external regulation, intro

2 zdrojů1992
educational psychology

Academic Resilience Scale

The Academic Resilience Scale measures the capacity of students to withstand and recover from academic adversity, including setbacks, failures, and difficult transitions. Developed by Cassidy in 2016, the ARS-30 conceptualizes resilience as a dynamic, multidimensional process involving perseverance, adaptive help-seeki

2 zdrojů2016
educational psychology

Academic Self-Efficacy Scale

The Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES) measures students' beliefs about their capability to succeed in academic tasks. Grounded in Bandura's social cognitive theory, the instrument assesses perceived competence in diverse academic domains—understanding lectures, completing assignments, performing on exams, and engagin

2 zdrojů1977
food science

Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing

Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) uses elevated temperature and controlled storage conditions to rapidly assess product degradation and predict realistic shelf-life without waiting months. By measuring quality parameters (moisture, acidity, nutrient levels, microbial growth) at accelerated conditions and applying k

2 zdrojů1975
clinical psychology

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a values-based, process-oriented psychotherapy developed by Steven C. Hayes and colleagues that helps individuals create meaningful lives while living with difficult thoughts, feelings, and sensations. Using mindfulness, values clarification, and behavioral commitment, ACT rep

2 zdrojů1999
social psychology

Acculturation Rating Scale

The Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans (ARSMA) is a self-report measure designed to assess the degree to which Mexican American and Mexican immigrant individuals adopt or maintain cultural practices, values, and identity. Originally developed by Cuéllar, Harris, and Jasso in 1980 and revised as ARSMA-II i

1 zdroj1995
developmental assessment

Achenbach Youth Self-Report

The Youth Self-Report (YSR), developed by Thomas Achenbach and Leslie Rescorla, is a youth-completed behavioral rating form assessing emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents aged 11–18 years. Part of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA), the YSR parallels the parent-completed Child Beha

2 zdrojů2003
sports medicine

ACL Return to Sport after Injury Scale

The ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) Scale is a 12-item patient-reported outcome instrument designed to measure the psychological impact and readiness to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction. Developed by Webster, Feller, and Lambros in 2008 and published in the Briti

1 zdroj2008
dermatology

Acne-QoL

Acne-QoL is a disease-specific, patient-administered quality-of-life measure assessing the psychological and social burden of acne vulgaris. Acne is the most common skin disease in adolescents and young adults and causes substantial psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and social impairment disproportionate to

2 zdrojů2004
veterinary science

Acoustic Telemetry

Acoustic telemetry is a remote tracking method in which small electronic transmitters attached to or implanted in animals emit unique acoustic signals detectable by underwater or terrestrial receiver networks, enabling real-time monitoring of animal movements, positions, and behavior over extended distances and times.

3 zdrojů1960
pulmonology

ACQ

The ACQ is a 7-item self-report questionnaire developed by Juniper and colleagues at McMaster University in 1999 to assess the degree of asthma control in the previous one to two weeks. Unlike generic respiratory tools, the ACQ measures symptom-based control and rescue medication use, providing a simple yet psychometri

2 zdrojů1999
endocrinology

AcroQoL

AcroQoL is a disease-specific 22-item quality of life questionnaire developed to assess the multidimensional burden of acromegaly, a chronic growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumor disorder. Developed by Buchfelder and colleagues in 2006, it captures physical complications (joint/bone pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, met

2 zdrojů2006
physical therapy

Action Research Arm Test

The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) is a 19-item performance-based assessment measuring upper limb function in four domains: grasp, grip, pinch, and gross movement. Developed by Roberta Lyle in 1989, the ARAT has become the standard functional assessment for upper limb recovery in stroke rehabilitation, providing detai

2 zdrojů1989
accounting

Activity-Based Costing

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is an advanced costing method developed by Robert Kaplan and Robin Cooper that allocates overhead and indirect costs to products or services based on their actual consumption of activities. Rather than using arbitrary allocation bases (e.g., machine hours or direct labor), ABC traces costs

2 zdrojů1987
survey methodology

Adaptive Cluster Sampling

Adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) is a probability-based design in which an initial random sample of units triggers the inclusion of neighboring units whenever a predefined condition — typically a threshold count of a rare attribute — is satisfied. Developed by Steven K. Thompson in 1990, ACS is especially powerful for e

2 zdrojů1990
survey methodology

Adaptive Maximum Variation Sampling

Adaptive maximum variation sampling is a purposive qualitative sampling strategy that combines the logic of maximum variation sampling — deliberately selecting cases that differ as widely as possible on key dimensions — with an adaptive, iterative recruitment process. Rather than fixing the full sample in advance, the

2 zdrojů1990
survey methodology

Adaptive Multistage Sampling

Adaptive multistage sampling combines the hierarchical efficiency of multistage designs with adaptive decision rules that adjust which units are sampled at later stages based on what is observed at earlier stages. It is used when a target characteristic is rare, clustered, or spatially heterogeneous and a fixed design

2 zdrojů1977
survey methodology

Adaptive Purposive Sampling

Adaptive purposive sampling is a qualitative strategy in which the researcher begins with explicitly stated, theory-driven selection criteria and then deliberately revises those criteria as data collection proceeds and new understanding emerges. Unlike fixed purposive sampling — where criteria are locked in before fiel

2 zdrojů1980
survey methodology

Adaptive Quota Sampling

Adaptive quota sampling is a non-probability sampling approach that starts with predefined demographic or characteristic-based quotas and then adjusts those quotas during data collection in response to emerging response patterns, nonresponse trends, or representativeness concerns. By treating the sampling process as it

2 zdrojů2000
survey methodology

Adaptive Sampling

Adaptive Cluster Sampling (ACS) is a probability-based survey design introduced by Steven K. Thompson in 1990 for estimating the abundance or total of rare, clustered populations. Starting from an initial random sample, the design adaptively adds neighboring units whenever a sampled unit satisfies a predefined conditio

1 zdroj1990
survey methodology

Adaptive Simple Random Sampling

Adaptive simple random sampling (ASRS) begins with a conventional simple random sample and then expands the sample in regions where the variable of interest exceeds a pre-specified threshold. Units neighboring a qualifying observation are added to the sample, allowing the design to concentrate effort where the populati

2 zdrojů1990
survey methodology

Adaptive Snowball Sampling

Adaptive snowball sampling is a hybrid sampling strategy that recruits initial participants (seeds) from a target population and then dynamically adjusts referral chains based on pre-specified criteria — such as population density, diversity, or theoretical saturation. Combining the chain-referral logic of snowball sam

2 zdrojů1990
survey methodology

Adaptive Stratified Sampling

Adaptive stratified sampling divides the population into strata and then applies an adaptive rule within each stratum: whenever an initially selected unit satisfies a pre-specified condition (e.g., a rare species is found, a variable exceeds a threshold), neighboring or related units are added to the sample. This combi

2 zdrojů1990
clinical research

Adaptive Trial Design

An adaptive trial design allows pre-specified modifications to the trial based on interim data—such as sample size re-estimation, stopping for futility or efficacy, dropping ineffective arms, or shifting randomization ratios toward better-performing treatments. Developed systematically in the 1990s–2000s by statisticia

3 zdrojů1990
survey methodology

Adaptive Weighted Sampling

Adaptive weighted sampling is a probabilistic sampling procedure that assigns and iteratively updates inclusion weights for population units based on observed data collected during the sampling process itself. Unlike static weighted sampling — where weights are fixed before data collection from known auxiliary informat

2 zdrojů1990
neuropsychology

Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination

The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) is a brief yet comprehensive clinician-administered cognitive battery designed to assess multiple cognitive domains and differentiate between types of dementia. Originally developed by Mathuranath and colleagues at Cambridge University in 2000, the ACE was created to addres

3 zdrojů2000
psychiatry

Addiction Severity Index

The ASI is a multidimensional, clinician-administered semi-structured interview assessing severity of substance use disorder and related psychosocial problems across seven domains: medical, employment, drug use, alcohol use, legal, family/social, and psychiatric. Developed by McLellan and colleagues in 1980 and refined

3 zdrojů1980
endocrinology

AddiQoL

AddiQoL is a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire developed to assess the burden of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency, encompassing physical, emotional, and social domains relevant to patients on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy. Developed by Evers and Tiemensma in 2012, it i

2 zdrojů2012
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