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手法統計学1,836 人工知能・機械学習1,661 意思決定科学932 研究方法1,354 測定1,745 因果とエビデンス532 研究実践118

122 件の手法 Life Sciencesで · 測定クリア

2つのフィルターが交差する位置にある手法。

並べ替え人気順 A–Z Z–A 新着順

Janka Hardness

The Janka hardness test measures wood resistance to indentation and denting by forcing a steel ball into the wood surface under standard load. Developed by Gabriel Janka in 1934, the test is a simple, nondestructive indicator of wood durability, wear resistance, and suitability for flooring, furniture, and other wear-p

2件の出典1934

Just-About-Right Scaling

Just-About-Right (JAR) Scaling is a consumer-based sensory evaluation method that asks respondents to rate sensory attributes not on intensity alone, but on whether they perceive the attribute as too weak, just right, or too strong for the product. Developed by Lawless in the mid-1990s, JAR scaling bridges the gap betw

2件の出典1995

Karl Fischer Titration

Karl Fischer Titration (KFT) is a precise analytical method for determining water content in food and pharmaceutical products. Developed by Karl Fischer in 1935, KFT uses a chemical reaction between water and an iodine-based titrant, allowing quantification of moisture with exceptional accuracy and sensitivity. KFT is

2件の出典1935

Keetch-Byram Drought Index

The Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) is a cumulative drought severity index used in fire danger rating systems to track long-term soil moisture depletion and drying trends. Developed in 1968 by Keetch and Byram, KBDI integrates daily temperature, precipitation, and prior drought state to produce a continuous index ran

2件の出典1968

Kjeldahl Method

The Kjeldahl Method is a classical analytical procedure for determining the total nitrogen content of food products, developed by Johan Kjeldahl in 1883. By measuring total nitrogen and applying a conversion factor specific to the food type, the method indirectly determines crude protein content. Kjeldahl remains the o

2件の出典1883

Klason Lignin

The Klason lignin method is a standard chemical test for quantifying the acid-insoluble lignin content in wood and plant biomass. Developed by Erik Klason in 1908, the method treats wood with sulfuric acid to dissolve carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) while leaving the acid-insoluble lignin residue. Klason li

2件の出典1908

Leaf Area Index

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a dimensionless quantity that measures the total one-sided area of leaves per unit ground area covered by a canopy. It quantifies canopy density and structure: LAI = 0 for bare soil, LAI = 1 for a thin crop, LAI = 3-6 for dense cereal or grass canopies, and LAI > 8 for dense forest. LAI is a ke

3件の出典1947

Leslie Matrix

The Leslie matrix is a deterministic model of age-structured population dynamics, introduced by Patrick Leslie (1945). It projects population size and structure forward in time using age-specific fertility and survival rates. A Leslie matrix encodes these vital rates in a square matrix; multiplying the matrix by a popu

3件の出典1945

Maillard Reaction Kinetics

Maillard Reaction Kinetics measures the rate of non-enzymatic browning when amino acids and reducing sugars react under heat. Understanding these kinetics enables optimization of flavor development, control of color changes during processing and storage, and prediction of product quality evolution.

1件の出典1912

Metabolic Theory of Ecology

The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE), developed by Brown and colleagues (2004), provides a unifying framework linking individual metabolic rate to ecological patterns across levels of organization (organisms, populations, ecosystems). MTE predicts how metabolic rate scales with body size (allometry) and temperature, a

3件の出典2004

veterinary science

Microhabitat Preference Analysis

Microhabitat Preference Analysis is a quantitative ecological method used to determine which fine-scale environmental features — such as vegetation structure, substrate type, temperature, or cover — animals actively select beyond what is randomly available to them. Widely applied in veterinary science, wildlife biology

2件の出典1970

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Assay

The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay is a quantitative in vitro method that determines the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent — such as a food preservative, essential oil, or synthetic antibiotic — that visibly inhibits the growth of a target microorganism. Widely used in food science, microbiol

2件の出典1970

Modulus of Rupture and Elasticity

The Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) are standardized measures of wood mechanical properties determined through static bending tests. MOR quantifies the maximum bending stress wood can withstand before failure; MOE measures stiffness (resistance to bending). These are fundamental properties used

2件の出典1950

veterinary science

NDF/ADF Analysis

Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) analysis is a chemical fractionation method that separates feed components into digestible and indigestible portions based on their resistance to sequential detergent treatments. Developed by Peter J. Van Soest in the 1960s, NDF/ADF analysis provides rapid es

3件の出典1963

Niche Modeling

Niche modeling, also called species distribution modeling (SDM), predicts the geographic range and habitat suitability of species using presence-only or presence-background occurrence data and environmental variables. MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy, Phillips et al. 2006) and GARP (Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction, St

3件の出典1999

Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) assessment and optimization is an analytical pipeline for evaluating how effectively crops convert applied nitrogen fertilizer into grain, biomass, or economic output. Developed by agronomic researchers (Dobermann, Raun) in the 2000s, this method quantifies nitrogen losses and identifies m

2件の出典2005

Palynology

Palynology is the scientific study of pollen grains and plant spores — microscopic structures that are chemically resistant and preserve well in sediment, soil, peat, ice, and other matrices. In agronomy, palynology is applied to reconstruct past vegetation and land-use histories, monitor crop pollination dynamics, tra

2件の出典1916

Pedogenesis Modeling

Pedogenesis modeling is a quantitative method used in agronomy and soil science to simulate the processes by which soils form and evolve over time. Rooted in Hans Jenny's 1941 factorial framework — soil as a function of climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time — modern approaches translate these conceptual

2件の出典1941

Penman-Monteith Equation

The Penman-Monteith equation is a mechanistic model for estimating evapotranspiration (ET), the combined loss of water from soil and plant canopies to the atmosphere. First proposed by Penman (1948) for bare soil and water surfaces, then extended by Monteith (1965) to incorporate plant resistance to water vapor diffusi

3件の出典1948

Pesticide Efficacy Trial

Pesticide Efficacy Trial is an experimental design and analysis pipeline for evaluating the effectiveness of fungicides, insecticides, and other plant protection products under field or greenhouse conditions. Standardized by EPPO and IOBC, this method quantifies pest or disease control and informs regulatory approval,

2件の出典2010

Phenological Observation

Phenological Observation is an observational and classification pipeline for systematically recording crop development stages from germination to maturity. Standardized through crop-specific scales (Zadoks for cereals, Fehr for soybean), this method enables precise communication of crop status, timing of management dec

2件の出典1974

Phenological Stage Monitoring

Phenological stage monitoring uses standardized growth scales to track the developmental progression of plants from dormancy through flowering, fruit development, and maturity. The BBCH scale, formalized in 1997, provides a universal coding system for precise communication of developmental timing. This method enables o

2件の出典1997

veterinary science

Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is a non-contact measurement technique that derives accurate 3D geometry and spatial dimensions from sets of overlapping 2D photographs. In veterinary science it is used to obtain body measurements, wound areas, limb morphology, and anatomical volumes from live animals, carcasses, or skeletal specimens w

2件の出典1850

Phytolith Analysis

Phytolith analysis is a laboratory technique used to identify and quantify microscopic silica bodies deposited in plant cells, recovered from soils, sediments, or archaeological contexts. Because phytoliths preserve long after organic material has decayed, the method is central to reconstructing past vegetation, crop h

2件の出典1841

Plant Propagation Success Rate

Plant propagation success rate quantifies the efficiency of vegetative (cuttings, layers, division) and generative (seed) propagation methods by measuring germination, rooting, and survival percentages. This method combines environmental monitoring, growth observations, and statistical analysis to optimize propagation

2件の出典1970

veterinary science

Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test

The Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) is a quantitative cell-based serological assay used in veterinary and human virology to measure the ability of antibodies in a serum sample to neutralize a live virus. By counting visible plaques — areas of cell destruction on a monolayer — the method determines the serum

2件の出典1952

Pollination Efficiency Assessment

Pollination efficiency assessment quantifies the effectiveness of pollinator activity and pollen transfer in achieving fruit set. This method integrates field observation of pollinator visits, pollen viability testing, stigma receptivity assessment, and fruit set measurement to diagnose pollination limitations and opti

2件の出典1970

veterinary science

Polysomnography

Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive multi-channel physiological recording method that simultaneously records brain electrical activity, eye movements, muscle tone, respiratory effort, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and limb movements during sleep. First systematized by Rechtschaffen and Kales in 1968, polysomnogra

3件の出典1953

Population Viability Analysis

Population Viability Analysis (PVA), introduced by Shaffer (1981), estimates the probability that a population will persist over a given time period under specified conditions. PVA combines demographic models (Leslie matrices, IPMs) with stochastic simulation to project population trajectories, quantifying extinction r

3件の出典1981

Postharvest Storage Simulation

Postharvest storage simulation uses computational models to predict fruit and vegetable quality degradation during storage and distribution under variable temperature and humidity conditions. Pioneered by Tijskens and Nicolaï in 2001, these mechanistic and empirical models enable logistics optimization, reduce food was

2件の出典2001

Precision Agriculture with NDVI

Precision Agriculture with NDVI is a geospatial monitoring pipeline for assessing crop vigor, health, and productivity using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from satellite or drone imagery. Developed by Rouse and colleagues (1973), this method enables rapid, non-destructive assessment of spati

2件の出典1973

Pruning Response Analysis

Pruning response analysis systematically measures the morphological and physiological effects of pruning on fruit trees, including shoot development, branching architecture, flowering, fruit set, and yield. By combining visual assessment with growth measurements and phenological tracking, growers and researchers can qu

2件の出典1980

Quantitative Descriptive Analysis

Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) is a comprehensive sensory evaluation method developed by Stone and colleagues in the 1970s that uses a trained panel to describe the intensity of sensory attributes in food products. QDA provides detailed, quantitative profiles of flavor, aroma, texture, and appearance, allowing

2件の出典1974

veterinary science

Radioimmunoassay

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive, quantitative laboratory technique that measures the concentration of a specific antigen — such as a hormone, drug, or pathogen-derived protein — in a biological sample by exploiting competitive binding between a radiolabelled antigen and the sample antigen for a limited sup

2件の出典1959

Rheometry

Rheometry is the scientific measurement of how fluids and semi-solids (pastes, gels, suspensions) flow and deform under applied stress. Using a rheometer (a precision instrument that applies controlled shear forces and measures the resulting deformation), rheometry characterizes the viscosity, viscoelasticity, and othe

2件の出典1992

Rhizosphere Amplicon Analysis

Rhizosphere Amplicon Analysis is a molecular-ecological pipeline used to characterise the microbial communities inhabiting the root-adjacent soil zone — the rhizosphere — by sequencing targeted marker genes such as the bacterial 16S rRNA gene or the fungal ITS region. Widely applied in agronomy, soil ecology, and plant

2件の出典2000

Ripeness Index

Ripeness index combines multiple quality measurements—soluble solids, firmness, color, starch degradation, ethylene production—into a single composite score indicating fruit maturity and harvest readiness. Unlike single-parameter metrics, this integrated approach accounts for cultivar variation and environmental influe

2件の出典1970

Root Architecture Analysis

Root Architecture Analysis is a quantitative method in agronomy and plant science that characterises the spatial configuration, branching pattern, and geometric properties of a plant's root system. By measuring parameters such as total root length, lateral root density, root angle, and root tip number, researchers link

2件の出典1970

Rothermel Fire Model

The Rothermel fire spread model, developed by Richard Rothermel in 1972, is a mechanistic mathematical model that predicts the rate of fire spread through surface fuels using fuel characteristics, weather, and topography. It forms the theoretical foundation of the BEHAVE fire modeling system used operationally by fire

2件の出典1972

veterinary science

Rumen In Vitro Gas Production

The In Vitro Gas Production (IVGP) assay is a laboratory method that measures the fermentation kinetics of animal feeds by incubating feed samples with rumen microorganisms in controlled conditions and monitoring the volume of gas produced over time. Developed by Theodorou and colleagues in 1994, IVGP provides rapid, c

3件の出典1994

veterinary science

Scan Sampling

Scan Sampling (also called instantaneous sampling) is a behavioral observation method in which an observer records the state of all group members simultaneously at regular time intervals. Introduced alongside focal animal sampling by Jeanne Altmann in 1974, scan sampling is efficient for quantifying activity budgets an

3件の出典1974

Seed Germination Test

Seed Germination Test is an analytical and physiological pipeline for assessing seed viability and germination rate under controlled conditions. Standardized by ISTA (International Seed Testing Association), this method quantifies the proportion of seeds capable of normal seedling development and informs seed quality c

2件の出典2015

Silvicultural Treatment Design

Silvicultural treatment design is the process of developing specific management prescriptions for forest stands to achieve defined objectives (timber yield, biodiversity, carbon storage, watershed protection). Codified in foundational texts by Smith and colleagues, silvicultural design integrates stand assessment, grow

4件の出典1950

Site Index Curve

A site index curve is a family of curves relating tree height to stand age, used to quantify the productivity of a forest site. Site index is conventionally defined as the height of dominant trees at a reference age (typically 50 years in temperate forests). These curves enable foresters to classify sites by productivi

2件の出典1954

Smoke Dispersion

Smoke dispersion modeling predicts how smoke from wildfires and prescribed burns travels and disperses through the atmosphere, affecting air quality and visibility. Models use fire characteristics (size, intensity, fuel type), atmospheric conditions (wind, stability, mixing height), and topography to forecast smoke plu

2件の出典2000

Soil Fertility Management

Soil Fertility Management is a diagnostic and prescriptive pipeline for assessing soil nutrient status via laboratory testing, interpreting results against crop-specific nutrient requirements, and recommending fertilizer or amendment rates. Formalized by soil testing institutions (ICAR, USDA-CSREES) and widely adopted

2件の出典1990

Soil Moisture Curve

The soil moisture curve (or soil water retention curve, SWRC) describes the relationship between soil water content and soil matric potential (water tension). It characterizes how tightly water is bound in pores of different sizes: large pores drain at low tensions (wet soils), while smaller pores retain water at high

3件の出典1956

Soil Respiration Measurement

Soil respiration measurement quantifies the rate at which CO2 is released from the soil surface to the atmosphere, integrating contributions from root respiration and microbial decomposition of organic matter. It is a fundamental technique in agronomy, ecology, and climate science, providing insight into belowground ca

2件の出典1950

veterinary science

Somatic Cell Count

Somatic Cell Count (SCC) is a quantitative measure of the concentration of white blood cells and epithelial cells in milk, used as a primary indicator of udder health and the presence of mastitis in lactating cattle. Standardized by veterinary regulatory agencies worldwide, SCC serves as a non-invasive, cost-effective

3件の出典1980

Soxhlet Extraction

Soxhlet Extraction is a continuous solvent extraction method developed by Franz Soxhlet in 1879 for determining fat and lipid content in foods. Using a specialized glassware apparatus, Soxhlet repeatedly cycles hot solvent through a food sample, extracting lipids with high efficiency. It remains the official standard m

2件の出典1879

Species Accumulation

Species accumulation curves describe how the number of observed species increases with cumulative sampling effort. Introduced by Sanders (1968) and developed by Colwell and colleagues, this method enables ecologists to compare biodiversity across sites and estimate total species richness despite incomplete sampling. It

3件の出典1968

Stand Density Index

The Stand Density Index (SDI), introduced by Reineke in 1933, is a dimensionless measure of forest density that accounts for both tree number and size. It expresses the number of trees per hectare in a stand, adjusted to a reference quadratic mean diameter (QMD) of 25 cm, providing a standardized metric for comparing t

2件の出典1933

Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) is a separation technique that uses a fluid held above its critical temperature and pressure — most commonly carbon dioxide — to selectively dissolve and remove target compounds from a solid or liquid matrix. Widely applied in food science, nutraceutical production, and the flavour

2件の出典1960

Temporal Dominance of Sensations

Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) is a time-dynamic sensory evaluation method developed by Pineau and colleagues in 2009 that tracks which sensory attribute is perceived as dominant at each moment during the consumption of a food product. Unlike static descriptive methods, TDS captures the dynamic evolution of fla

2件の出典2009

Texture Profile Analysis

Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) is an objective, mechanical method that simulates mastication (chewing) to measure the textural properties of food products. Developed by Bourne in 1968, TPA uses a texture analyzer (a machine that applies defined forces and movements to a sample) to generate a force-time curve from which

2件の出典1968

Tillage Erosion Model

Tillage Erosion Model is a physical transport and modeling pipeline for predicting soil movement and redistribution caused by tillage operations on sloping land. Developed by soil scientists (Lindstrom, Nelson, Lobb) in the 1990s–2000s, this method quantifies how plowing, disking, and other soil-disturbing implements p

2件の出典1992

Tree Height Measurement

Tree height measurement—determining the vertical distance from ground to tree top—is a cornerstone of forest inventory and biomass estimation. Ranging from classical optical instruments (clinometer, Abney level) to modern laser hypsometers and airborne LiDAR, tree height quantification enables calculation of volume, bi

4件の出典1950

Variable Rate Application

Variable Rate Application (VRA) is a precision agriculture technique that adjusts the quantity of inputs — such as fertilisers, pesticides, seeds, or water — across different zones of a field based on georeferenced soil and crop data. Rather than applying a uniform rate across an entire field, VRA delivers the right in

2件の出典1980

Weed Density Mapping

Weed Density Mapping is a spatial survey pipeline for measuring and mapping weed distributions across fields to support targeted herbicide application and management decisions. Developed by Gerhards, Christensen, and others in precision agriculture (2000s), this method combines field sampling or remote sensing with geo

2件の出典2003

Weibull Diameter Distribution

The Weibull diameter distribution is a flexible three-parameter probability model used to describe the size-class distribution (proportion of trees by diameter class) in forest stands. Introduced by Bailey and Dell in 1973, the Weibull function provides an excellent fit to observed diameter distributions across diverse

2件の出典1973

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