महामारी विज्ञान विधियाँ

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अनुकूली केस श्रृंखलाAn adaptive case series is an observational study design that documents a consecutive group of patients with a shared condition or exposure while incorporating pre-specified rules अनुकूली केस-कंट्रोल अध्ययनAn adaptive case-control study is a case-control design that incorporates pre-specified rules allowing modification of study parameters — such as sample size, case-to-control ratio अनुकूली समूह अध्ययनAn adaptive cohort study is a longitudinal observational design that follows a defined group of individuals over time to assess exposure-outcome relationships, while incorporating अनुकूली अनुप्रस्थ-काट्य महामारी विज्ञान अध्ययनAn adaptive cross-sectional epidemiological study combines the core logic of a cross-sectional survey — measuring exposures and outcomes simultaneously in a defined population at o अनुकूली नैदानिक सटीकता अध्ययनAn adaptive diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well an index test distinguishes between patients with and without a target condition, while incorporating pre-specified interim अनुकूली खुराक-प्रतिक्रिया विश्लेषणAdaptive dose-response analysis combines pre-specified dose-response modeling with planned interim looks that allow modifications — such as dropping ineffective doses or reallocati

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यादृच्छिक नैदानिक परीक्षण (RCT)1948 (first rigorously conducted RCT — MRC streptomycin trial)Austin Bradford Hill; MRC Streptomycin Trial team द्वारा
केस-कंट्रोल अध्ययन1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920sJanet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s द्वारा
समूह अध्ययनMid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854) द्वारा
प्रॉस्पेक्टिव कोहोर्ट स्टडी1950s (systematic application); conceptual roots earlierRichard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill (landmark application, 1951-1954); cohort methodology formalised by modern epidemiology textbooks द्वारा
अनुप्रस्थ काट (Cross-sectional) महामारी विज्ञान अध्ययन1960s (formal codification); widely practiced since mid-20th centuryClassical epidemiology tradition; systematized by Brian MacMahon and Thomas Pugh (1960s) द्वारा
Nested case-control1973–1977Nathan Mantel (1973); D. C. Thomas (1977 formalization) द्वारा
अनुकूली यादृच्छिक नैदानिक परीक्षणLate 1990s–2000s (widespread adoption post-2010)Donald Berry and colleagues; formalized by FDA guidance in 2010 and 2019 द्वारा
खुराक-प्रतिक्रिया विश्लेषणConceptual roots 16th century; modern epidemiological application mid-20th centuryParacelsus (conceptual foundation); formalized by John Snow and later Bradford Hill द्वारा

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