Processo Educacional: Perspectivas da Sala de Aula

Esta área trata do ensino e da aprendizagem tal como se desenrolam nas salas de aula — instrução, processos de sala de aula e as condições para um ensino eficaz.

Scope

Abrange a pesquisa sobre o ensino, a interação e a gestão da sala de aula, os métodos de instrução e as condições cognitivas da aprendizagem.

Sub-topics

• Advance Organizers
• Interdisciplinary Approach
• Study Habits
• Cultural Enrichment
• Test Anxiety
• Affective Objectives
• Behavioral Objectives
• Student Reaction
• Test Preparation
• Academic Failure
• Class Rank
• Grades (Scholastic)
• Grading
• Enrichment Activities
• Developmentally Appropriate Practices
• Mixed Age Grouping
• Instructional Effectiveness
• Global Approach
• Mastery Learning
• Multi Tiered Systems of Support
• Performance Contracts
• Student Improvement
• Teacher Influence
• Instructional Design
• Portfolio Assessment
• Learner Engagement
• Student Motivation
• Teacher Motivation
• Student Development
• Classroom Environment
• Teacher Student Relationship
• Creative Activities
• Reggio Emilia Approach
• Educational Therapy
• Classroom Communication
• Simulation
• Assessment Literacy
• Formative Evaluation
• Instructional Improvement
• Teacher Competencies
• Teaching Skills
• Assignments
• Instruction
• Electronic Learning
• Discussion Groups
• Educational Diagnosis
• Response to Intervention
• Academic Persistence
• Listening
• Redundancy
• Time on Task
• Classroom Techniques
• Audiovisual Instruction
• Multimedia Instruction
• Intermode Differences
• Place Based Education
• Student Centered Learning
• Individual Instruction
• Conventional Instruction
• Academic Achievement
• Teaching Experience
• Object Manipulation
• Precision Teaching
• Course Objectives
• Process Education
• Student Behavior
• Developmental Studies Programs
• Student Centered Curriculum
• Training Objectives
• Educational Strategies
• Remedial Programs
• Study Skills
• Content and Language Integrated Learning
• Acceleration (Education)
• Honors Curriculum
• Blended Learning
• Experimental Teaching
• Instructional Innovation
• Integrated Activities
• Training Methods
• Web Based Instruction
• Ability Grouping
• Computer Assisted Instruction
• Group Discussion
• Student Projects
• Teacher Behavior
• Case Method (Teaching Technique)
• Discussion (Teaching Technique)
• Student Interests
• Writing Exercises
• Classes (Groups of Students)
• Class Organization
• Course Organization
• Grouping (Instructional Purposes)
• Self Contained Classrooms
• Class Size
• Teacher Expectations of Students
• Teaching Conditions
• Prereferral Intervention
• Practicum Supervision
• Student Experience
• Teacher Improvement
• Coaching (Performance)
• Achievement Gains
• Performance Factors
• Remedial Instruction
• Group Activities
• Reciprocal Teaching
• Computer Simulation
• Computer Managed Instruction
• Simulated Environment
• Praxis
• Scaffolding (Teaching Technique)
• Course Content
• Textbook Content
• Motivation Techniques
• Lecture Method
• Learning Centers (Classroom)
• Peer Teaching
• Team Training
• Team Teaching
• Home Study
• Individualized Programs
• Diagnostic Teaching
• Course Evaluation
• Instructional Material Evaluation
• Summative Evaluation
• Creative Teaching
• Curriculum Based Assessment
• Reflective Teaching
• Questioning Techniques
• Cross Age Teaching
• Tutorial Programs
• Notetaking
• Prompting
• Enrichment
• Curriculum Enrichment
• Instructional Development
• Thematic Approach
• Material Development
• Class Activities
• Cooperative Learning
• Experiential Learning
• Independent Study
• Learner Controlled Instruction
• Demonstrations (Educational)
• Learning Activities
• Direct Instruction
• Problem Based Learning
• Student Participation
• Montessori Method
• Resource Units
• In Person Learning
• Individualized Instruction
• Drills (Practice)
• Sequential Approach
• Gamification
• Progressive Education
• Time Management
• Psychoeducational Methods
• Error Correction
• Participant Satisfaction
• Student Journals
• Knowledge Base for Teaching
• Teacher Response
• Group Instruction
• Test Wiseness
• Pacing
• Individual Activities
• Resource Room Programs
• Reading Lists
• Instructional Systems
• Microteaching
• Andragogy
• Aptitude Treatment Interaction

Core questions

• O que torna o ensino eficaz?
• Como as interações em sala de aula moldam a aprendizagem?
• Como a instrução deve ser cognitivamente estruturada?
• Qual é a experiência vivida nas salas de aula?

Key concepts

• Ensino eficaz
• Gestão da sala de aula
• Currículo oculto
• Carga cognitiva
• Design instrucional
• Interação em sala de aula

Key theories

Pesquisa sobre o ensino

Gage estabeleceu o estudo empírico sistemático da eficácia do ensino.

O currículo oculto das salas de aula

Jackson revelou as lições implícitas da vida em sala de aula.

Carga cognitiva

Sweller demonstrou que a instrução deve respeitar os limites da memória de trabalho para que a aprendizagem seja eficaz.

History

A pesquisa em sala de aula evoluiu dos estudos de processo-produto sobre a eficácia do ensino (Gage) e das etnografias da vida escolar (Jackson) para o design instrucional fundamentado na cognição (Sweller).

Debates

Instrução direta versus aprendizagem por descoberta

Se a aprendizagem é melhor apoiada pela instrução explícita ou pela descoberta guiada, à luz da pesquisa sobre carga cognitiva.

Key figures

• N. L. Gage
• Philip Jackson
• John Sweller

Seminal works

• jackson-1968
• gage-1963
• sweller-1988

Frequently asked questions

O que é a teoria da carga cognitiva?

A teoria de Sweller segundo a qual a instrução deve gerenciar a capacidade limitada da memória de trabalho para favorecer uma aprendizagem eficaz.