Proses Pendidikan: Perspektif Ruang Kelas

Bidang ini berkenaan dengan pengajaran dan pembelajaran sebagaimana berlangsung di ruang kelas—instruksi, proses dalam kelas, dan kondisi-kondisi pengajaran yang efektif.

Scope

Bidang ini mencakup penelitian tentang pengajaran, interaksi dan manajemen kelas, metode instruksional, serta kondisi kognitif belajar.

Sub-topics

• Advance Organizers
• Interdisciplinary Approach
• Study Habits
• Cultural Enrichment
• Test Anxiety
• Affective Objectives
• Behavioral Objectives
• Student Reaction
• Test Preparation
• Academic Failure
• Class Rank
• Grades (Scholastic)
• Grading
• Enrichment Activities
• Developmentally Appropriate Practices
• Mixed Age Grouping
• Instructional Effectiveness
• Global Approach
• Mastery Learning
• Multi Tiered Systems of Support
• Performance Contracts
• Student Improvement
• Teacher Influence
• Instructional Design
• Portfolio Assessment
• Learner Engagement
• Student Motivation
• Teacher Motivation
• Student Development
• Classroom Environment
• Teacher Student Relationship
• Creative Activities
• Reggio Emilia Approach
• Educational Therapy
• Classroom Communication
• Simulation
• Assessment Literacy
• Formative Evaluation
• Instructional Improvement
• Teacher Competencies
• Teaching Skills
• Assignments
• Instruction
• Electronic Learning
• Discussion Groups
• Educational Diagnosis
• Response to Intervention
• Academic Persistence
• Listening
• Redundancy
• Time on Task
• Classroom Techniques
• Audiovisual Instruction
• Multimedia Instruction
• Intermode Differences
• Place Based Education
• Student Centered Learning
• Individual Instruction
• Conventional Instruction
• Academic Achievement
• Teaching Experience
• Object Manipulation
• Precision Teaching
• Course Objectives
• Process Education
• Student Behavior
• Developmental Studies Programs
• Student Centered Curriculum
• Training Objectives
• Educational Strategies
• Remedial Programs
• Study Skills
• Content and Language Integrated Learning
• Acceleration (Education)
• Honors Curriculum
• Blended Learning
• Experimental Teaching
• Instructional Innovation
• Integrated Activities
• Training Methods
• Web Based Instruction
• Ability Grouping
• Computer Assisted Instruction
• Group Discussion
• Student Projects
• Teacher Behavior
• Case Method (Teaching Technique)
• Discussion (Teaching Technique)
• Student Interests
• Writing Exercises
• Classes (Groups of Students)
• Class Organization
• Course Organization
• Grouping (Instructional Purposes)
• Self Contained Classrooms
• Class Size
• Teacher Expectations of Students
• Teaching Conditions
• Prereferral Intervention
• Practicum Supervision
• Student Experience
• Teacher Improvement
• Coaching (Performance)
• Achievement Gains
• Performance Factors
• Remedial Instruction
• Group Activities
• Reciprocal Teaching
• Computer Simulation
• Computer Managed Instruction
• Simulated Environment
• Praxis
• Scaffolding (Teaching Technique)
• Course Content
• Textbook Content
• Motivation Techniques
• Lecture Method
• Learning Centers (Classroom)
• Peer Teaching
• Team Training
• Team Teaching
• Home Study
• Individualized Programs
• Diagnostic Teaching
• Course Evaluation
• Instructional Material Evaluation
• Summative Evaluation
• Creative Teaching
• Curriculum Based Assessment
• Reflective Teaching
• Questioning Techniques
• Cross Age Teaching
• Tutorial Programs
• Notetaking
• Prompting
• Enrichment
• Curriculum Enrichment
• Instructional Development
• Thematic Approach
• Material Development
• Class Activities
• Cooperative Learning
• Experiential Learning
• Independent Study
• Learner Controlled Instruction
• Demonstrations (Educational)
• Learning Activities
• Direct Instruction
• Problem Based Learning
• Student Participation
• Montessori Method
• Resource Units
• In Person Learning
• Individualized Instruction
• Drills (Practice)
• Sequential Approach
• Gamification
• Progressive Education
• Time Management
• Psychoeducational Methods
• Error Correction
• Participant Satisfaction
• Student Journals
• Knowledge Base for Teaching
• Teacher Response
• Group Instruction
• Test Wiseness
• Pacing
• Individual Activities
• Resource Room Programs
• Reading Lists
• Instructional Systems
• Microteaching
• Andragogy
• Aptitude Treatment Interaction

Core questions

• Apa yang membuat pengajaran efektif?
• Bagaimana interaksi dalam kelas membentuk proses belajar?
• Bagaimana instruksi seharusnya dirancang secara kognitif?
• Bagaimana pengalaman hidup di ruang kelas berlangsung?

Key concepts

• Pengajaran efektif
• Manajemen kelas
• Kurikulum tersembunyi
• Beban kognitif
• Desain instruksional
• Interaksi di kelas

Key theories

Penelitian tentang pengajaran

Gage meletakkan dasar kajian empiris sistematis tentang efektivitas pengajaran.

Kurikulum tersembunyi di ruang kelas

Jackson mengungkap pelajaran-pelajaran implisit yang terkandung dalam kehidupan di ruang kelas.

Beban kognitif

Sweller menunjukkan bahwa instruksi harus mempertimbangkan keterbatasan memori kerja agar belajar berlangsung efektif.

History

Penelitian ruang kelas bergerak dari studi proses-produk tentang efektivitas pengajaran (Gage) dan etnografi kehidupan kelas (Jackson) menuju desain instruksional yang berlandaskan kognitif (Sweller).

Debates

Instruksi langsung versus pembelajaran berbasis penemuan

Apakah belajar paling baik didukung oleh instruksi eksplisit atau penemuan terbimbing, yang diinformasikan oleh penelitian beban kognitif.

Key figures

• N. L. Gage
• Philip Jackson
• John Sweller

Seminal works

• jackson-1968
• gage-1963
• sweller-1988

Frequently asked questions

Apa yang dimaksud dengan teori beban kognitif?

Teori Sweller yang menyatakan bahwa instruksi harus mengelola kapasitas terbatas memori kerja untuk mendukung belajar yang efektif.