Belajar dan Persepsi
Bidang ini berkaitan dengan psikologi belajar dan persepsi yang diterapkan dalam pendidikan — bagaimana orang belajar dan bagaimana pembelajaran dapat difasilitasi.
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Scope
Bidang ini mencakup teori-teori belajar (behavioristik, kognitif, konstruktivis, sosial), motivasi, memori dan transfer, serta persepsi dalam pembelajaran.
Sub-topics
- Critical Thinking
- Intentional Learning
- Verbal Learning
- Negative Reinforcement
- Pictorial Stimuli
- Visual Literacy
- Time Perspective
- Learning Problems
- Audience Response
- Learning Motivation
- Learning Strategies
- Olfactory Perception
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Positive Reinforcement
- Cognitive Style
- Learning Processes
- Arousal Patterns
- Attention
- Habituation
- Novelty (Stimulus Dimension)
- Stimulation
- Problem Solving
- Cognitive Psychology
- Fundamental Concepts
- Associative Learning
- Priming
- Serial Learning
- Patterned Responses
- Aural Learning
- Nonverbal Learning
- Symbolic Learning
- Visual Learning
- Attention Control
- Executive Function
- Cognitive Restructuring
- Cognitive Structures
- Social Cognition
- Learning Modalities
- Hearing (Physiology)
- Auditory Discrimination
- Auditory Perception
- Discrimination Learning
- Sensory Experience
- Stimuli
- Sensory Integration
- Multisensory Learning
- Learning Experience
- Theory of Mind
- Thinking Skills
- Conditioning
- Habit Formation
- Reflection
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement
- Imitation
- World Views
- Kinesthetic Perception
- Vision
- Visual Acuity
- Time Factors (Learning)
- Ability Identification
- Prior Learning
- Selection
- Decision Making
- Information Seeking
- Epistemology
- Intuition
- Metacognition
- Schemata (Cognition)
- Constructivism (Learning)
- Cognitive Mapping
- Concept Mapping
- Conservation (Concept)
- Interference (Learning)
- Misconceptions
- Dimensional Preference
- Visual Perception
- Inferences
- Organizational Learning
- Game Based Learning
- Serial Ordering
- Convergent Thinking
- Auditory Stimuli
- Repetition
- Visualization
- Cues
- Memory
- Mnemonics
- Indigenous Knowledge
- Decision Making Skills
- Active Learning
- Learning
- Authentic Learning
- Discovery Learning
- Situated Learning
- Workplace Learning
- Depth Perception
- Tactual Perception
- Observational Learning
- Visual Discrimination
- Rote Learning
- Behavior Modification
- Social Emotional Learning
- Familiarity
- Review (Reexamination)
- Abstract Reasoning
- Eye Movements
- Planning
- Cognitive Processes
- Comprehension
- Concept Formation
- Formal Operations
- Transfer of Training
- Logical Thinking
- Incidental Learning
- Suggestopedia
- Naming
- Reference Groups
- Role Models
- Creative Thinking
- Intellectual Experience
- Discovery Processes
- Kinesthetic Methods
- Adult Learning
- Transformative Learning
- Sequential Learning
- Long Term Memory
Core questions
- Bagaimana orang belajar?
- Kondisi apa yang mendorong pembelajaran dan transfer?
- Bagaimana motivasi memengaruhi belajar?
- Bagaimana faktor behavioristik, kognitif, dan sosial saling berkaitan?
Key concepts
- Belajar behavioristik
- Belajar sosial
- Efikasi diri
- Beban kognitif
- Transfer
- Motivasi
Key theories
- Hukum-hukum belajar
- Thorndike menetapkan hukum-hukum empiris belajar (hukum akibat, hukum latihan).
- Belajar sosial
- Bandura menunjukkan belajar melalui observasi, pemodelan, dan efikasi diri.
- Beban kognitif
- Sweller mengaitkan pembelajaran yang efektif dengan pengelolaan keterbatasan memori kerja.
History
Teori belajar dalam pendidikan bergerak dari behaviorisme (Thorndike), melalui teori sosial-kognitif (Bandura), menuju akun kognitif dan konstruktivis (Sweller), yang mendasari praktik instruksional.
Debates
- Akun behavioristik versus kognitif tentang belajar
- Perdebatan apakah belajar paling baik dijelaskan melalui penguatan (reinforcement) atau melalui pemrosesan informasi dan konstruksi pengetahuan.
Key figures
- Edward Thorndike
- Albert Bandura
- John Sweller
Related topics
Seminal works
- thorndike-1903
- bandura-1977
- sweller-1988
Frequently asked questions
- Apa itu efikasi diri?
- Keyakinan seseorang akan kemampuannya untuk berhasil dalam suatu tugas (Bandura), yang sangat memengaruhi belajar dan motivasi.