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مطالعه سری موردی تطبیقیAn adaptive case series is an observational study design that documents a consecutive group of patients with a shared condition or exposure while incorporating pre-specified rules مطالعه مورد-شاهدی تطبیقیAn adaptive case-control study is a case-control design that incorporates pre-specified rules allowing modification of study parameters — such as sample size, case-to-control ratio مطالعه کوهورت تطبیقیAn adaptive cohort study is a longitudinal observational design that follows a defined group of individuals over time to assess exposure-outcome relationships, while incorporating مطالعه اپیدمیولوژیک مقطعی تطبیقیAn adaptive cross-sectional epidemiological study combines the core logic of a cross-sectional survey — measuring exposures and outcomes simultaneously in a defined population at o مطالعه دقت تشخیصی تطبیقیAn adaptive diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well an index test distinguishes between patients with and without a target condition, while incorporating pre-specified interim تحلیل تطبیقی پاسخ به دوزAdaptive dose-response analysis combines pre-specified dose-response modeling with planned interim looks that allow modifications — such as dropping ineffective doses or reallocati

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کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی (RCT)1948 (first rigorously conducted RCT — MRC streptomycin trial)به قلم Austin Bradford Hill; MRC Streptomycin Trial team
مطالعه مورد-شاهدی1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920sبه قلم Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
مطالعه کوهورتMid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)به قلم Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
مطالعه کوهورت آینده‌نگر1950s (systematic application); conceptual roots earlierبه قلم Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill (landmark application, 1951-1954); cohort methodology formalised by modern epidemiology textbooks
مطالعه اپیدمیولوژیک مقطعی1960s (formal codification); widely practiced since mid-20th centuryبه قلم Classical epidemiology tradition; systematized by Brian MacMahon and Thomas Pugh (1960s)
مطالعه مورد-شاهدی تودرتو1973–1977به قلم Nathan Mantel (1973); D. C. Thomas (1977 formalization)
آزمایش بالینی تصادفی تطبیقیLate 1990s–2000s (widespread adoption post-2010)به قلم Donald Berry and colleagues; formalized by FDA guidance in 2010 and 2019
تحلیل دوز-پاسخConceptual roots 16th century; modern epidemiological application mid-20th centuryبه قلم Paracelsus (conceptual foundation); formalized by John Snow and later Bradford Hill

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