ScholarGate

探索

文库我的文库桌面预检 Review Studio 助手

工作区

打造您的书架

保存方法、整理合集，并将它们带到您的桌面。

文库 / 浏览

方法库

按方法、领域与证据探索科学。

一个汇集研究方法的目录——了解每种方法如何运作、何时使用以及它做不到什么。

6,575 方法11 领域7 方法家族40 语言

科学图谱在使用之前，先绘制科学的结构图。领域 · 方法 · 证据路径探索图谱

领域Health & Medicine716 Psychology570 Business & Finance410 Engineering330 Life Sciences263 Education261 Research Practice248 Natural Sciences236 Social Sciences185

以内容为本的研究方法参考文库——每种方法是什么、如何运作、源自何处。

开放数据（CC-BY）

探索

文库
搜索方法…
按领域浏览
学科领域
历程
对比
该用哪种方法？

参考

学科
图集
术语表
方法论
哲学

工作区

我的文库
桌面
聊天

公司

关于
价格
联系我们
建议新方法

本词条系根据已发表文献整理，仅供参考。核实任何信息的准确性及其是否适用于您的具体用途，仍由您自行负责。

© 2026 ScholarGate · 研究方法参考文库

隐私
Cookie
条款
删除账户

Environment & Sustainability160

方法统计学1,836 人工智能与机器学习1,661 决策科学932 研究方法1,354 测量1,745 因果与证据532 研究实践118

714 种方法来自Health & Medicine清除

与筛选条件匹配的真实方法。

排序热门程度 A–Z Z–A 最新

psychiatric rehabilitation

Mental Health Continuum Short Form

The Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) is a 14-item measure assessing positive mental health and wellbeing across emotional, social, and psychological domains. Developed by Corey L. M. Keyes in 2002, the MHC-SF operationalizes the conceptualization of mental health as a continuum from languishing to flourishin

2 个来源2002

Meta-analytic case report

A meta-analytic case report is a secondary research methodology that systematically identifies, appraises, and quantitatively or qualitatively pools data from multiple published individual case reports on the same clinical phenomenon. It is used most often when randomized trials or cohort data are unavailable — particu

2 个来源2000

Meta-analytic Case Series

A meta-analytic case series is an evidence-synthesis design that systematically identifies, appraises, and statistically pools outcome data from multiple single-arm case series on a defined clinical condition or intervention. It occupies a middle tier of evidence — above individual case reports and unsystematic series,

2 个来源2000

Meta-analytic case-control study

A meta-analytic case-control study systematically identifies, critically appraises, and quantitatively synthesizes data from multiple independent case-control studies examining the same exposure-disease relationship. By pooling odds ratios across studies, it yields a more precise and generalizable estimate of associati

2 个来源1980

Meta-analytic case-crossover design

The meta-analytic case-crossover design combines the within-person control structure of the case-crossover study with formal meta-analytic pooling across multiple studies. Each contributing study uses cases as their own controls by comparing exposure windows immediately preceding an acute event to matched reference win

2 个来源1991

Meta-analytic Cohort Study

A meta-analytic cohort study systematically identifies, appraises, and statistically pools the findings of two or more independent cohort studies addressing the same exposure-outcome relationship. By combining large prospective datasets, it provides more precise risk estimates than any single cohort alone, makes dose-r

2 个来源1980

Meta-analytic competing risks analysis

Meta-analytic competing risks analysis pools results from multiple primary studies that each used a competing risks framework, allowing summary estimates of cause-specific or subdistribution hazard ratios and cumulative incidence functions. Because standard meta-analytic methods may misrepresent competing events, speci

2 个来源2000

Meta-analytic Cox proportional hazards

Meta-analytic Cox proportional hazards is a quantitative synthesis technique that pools log hazard ratios from multiple Cox regression survival analyses into a single, more precise estimate of the association between an exposure or treatment and a time-to-event outcome. It combines the inferential power of survival ana

2 个来源1998

Meta-analytic cross-sectional epidemiological study

A meta-analytic cross-sectional epidemiological study systematically identifies and statistically pools prevalence or proportion estimates from multiple independent cross-sectional surveys. By combining data across studies — often using variance-stabilising transformations and random-effects models — it produces a more

2 个来源2000

Meta-analytic Diagnostic Accuracy Study

A meta-analytic diagnostic accuracy study systematically identifies and pools sensitivity and specificity data from multiple primary diagnostic test accuracy studies. Using the bivariate or hierarchical summary ROC (HSROC) model, it produces a joint summary of a test's ability to correctly classify diseased and non-dis

2 个来源1993

Meta-analytic dose-response analysis

Meta-analytic dose-response analysis pools summary statistics from multiple epidemiological studies to characterize how disease risk changes across ordered levels of an exposure. Rather than comparing a single high-exposure group against a reference, it reconstructs a continuous or categorical exposure-risk curve acros

2 个来源1992

Meta-analytic Ecological Study

A meta-analytic ecological study synthesises data from multiple populations or geographic units — rather than from individual patients — to estimate associations between exposures and health outcomes. By pooling aggregate-level statistics across studies or regions, it extends the reach of ecological reasoning to a wide

2 个来源1990

Meta-analytic Kaplan-Meier analysis

Meta-analytic Kaplan-Meier analysis synthesizes time-to-event data across multiple studies by pooling Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, either from reconstructed individual patient data or from summary statistics extracted from published curves. It produces a pooled survival function with confidence bands and enables fo

2 个来源2007

Meta-analytic Nested Case-Control

Meta-analytic nested case-control analysis combines the efficiency advantages of the nested case-control design — in which cases and matched controls are sampled from a defined cohort — with the statistical power and generalisability gained by pooling estimates from multiple such studies. This approach is especially va

2 个来源1980

Meta-analytic Phase I clinical trial

A meta-analytic Phase I clinical trial formally pools evidence from prior Phase I studies — using Bayesian or frequentist meta-analysis — to construct an informative prior (or summary estimate) for dose-toxicity relationships before or during a new first-in-human or early-phase study. The approach increases statistical

2 个来源2000

Meta-analytic Phase II clinical trial

A meta-analytic Phase II clinical trial integrates individual or aggregate data from multiple single-arm or small Phase II studies into a unified meta-analytic framework. Rather than relying on a single underpowered trial to screen for activity, this design pools evidence across comparable cohorts to obtain a more reli

2 个来源2000

Meta-analytic Phase III Clinical Trial

A meta-analytic Phase III clinical trial is a systematic, quantitative synthesis of multiple Phase III randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the same intervention. By pooling confirmatory trial data under a pre-registered protocol, the approach yields more precise effect estimates, resolves conflicting findings

2 个来源1976

Meta-analytic Phase IV Study

A meta-analytic Phase IV study pools and quantitatively synthesises data from multiple Phase IV (post-marketing) sources — including observational cohorts, registries, spontaneous adverse-event databases, and post-approval randomised trials — to produce a single, more precise estimate of a drug or device's real-world e

2 个来源1990

Meta-analytic Randomized Clinical Trial

A meta-analytic randomized clinical trial is a formal evidence-synthesis method that identifies, appraises, and statistically combines the results of multiple randomized clinical trials addressing the same clinical question. By pooling trial-level data, it produces a single, more precise estimate of treatment effect an

2 个来源1976

Meta-analytic Screening Test Evaluation

Meta-analytic screening test evaluation is a quantitative evidence-synthesis approach that pools sensitivity, specificity, and related accuracy indices across multiple primary studies of the same screening or diagnostic test. It produces summary estimates of a test's ability to correctly identify disease-positive and d

2 个来源2000

Meta-analytic survival analysis

Meta-analytic survival analysis is a quantitative synthesis method that pools hazard ratios and related time-to-event statistics from multiple independent studies to produce a single, more precise estimate of a treatment or exposure effect on survival outcomes such as overall survival, disease-free survival, or time to

2 个来源1990

oncology nursing

MFI

The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory is a 20-item self-report instrument that comprehensively measures five distinct dimensions of fatigue: general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced motivation, and mental fatigue. Developed by Smets and colleagues in 1995, the MFI-20 is grounded in a theoretical mo

2 个来源1995

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

Michaelis-Menten kinetics describes the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions as a function of substrate concentration. Developed by Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten in 1913, this foundational framework models enzyme catalysis through the rapid-equilibrium approximation and enables prediction of drug metabolism rates in p

2 个来源1913

MIDAS

The MIDAS is a brief, five-item self-report questionnaire that quantifies migraine-related disability by measuring days lost from work, school, household activities, and family/social activities over a 3-month period. Introduced by Stewart and colleagues in 1999, it is the most widely used measure of migraine burden in

1 个来源1999

clinical psychology

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is an eight-week, group-based program designed to reduce stress and enhance well-being through systematic training in mindfulness meditation and body awareness. Developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn in 1979, MBSR is now offered in hospitals, clinics, and community settings worldwide, wit

2 个来源1979

Mini-BESTest Balance Evaluation

The Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) is a brief performance-based measure of balance impairment designed to identify the underlying sensory, motor, and cognitive contributions to balance deficits. Developed by Franchignoni and colleagues in 2010 as a shortened version of the comprehensive BESTest, Mi

2 个来源2009

Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire

The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) is a 21-item self-report measure that quantifies the multidimensional burden of heart failure on patients' daily living and quality of life. Developed by Rector, Kubo, and Cohn in 1987, the MLHFQ is the most widely used disease-specific QoL instrument in hea

2 个来源1987

Mixture Cure Model

The mixture cure model, first proposed by Boag in 1949 for cancer survival data, is a parametric survival model that explicitly accounts for a fraction of subjects who will never experience the event of interest — the so-called cured or immune fraction. It is the appropriate tool whenever the Kaplan-Meier curve levels

1 个来源1949

clinical psychology

MMPI Personality Assessment

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a 567-item standardized self-report inventory designed to assess personality traits, psychopathology, and behavioral tendencies in adults. Originally published in 1943 and revised as the MMPI-2 in 1989 and the MMPI-2-RF in 2008, the MMPI remains the most widely

2 个来源1943

health informatics

Mobile Health Engagement Scale

The Mobile Health Engagement Scale measures the extent to which individuals engage with mobile health applications and digital behaviour change interventions. Developed through systematic review and meta-analysis by Perski and colleagues (2017), it captures both behavioural and psychological dimensions of engagement—fr

1 个来源2017

clinical assessment

Modified Early Warning Score

The Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), introduced by Subbe et al. in 2001, is a 14-point alert system designed for rapid detection of clinical deterioration in hospitalized patients. It combines six vital sign and laboratory parameters to identify patients at high risk of rapid decline, enabling early intervention be

2 个来源2001

Modified Rankin Scale

The Modified Rankin Scale is a simple 0-6 ordinal measure of global disability or dependency in patients with stroke and other neurological conditions. Originally developed by Rankin in 1957 and modified by van Swieten and colleagues in 1988, it remains the most widely used global disability outcome in stroke clinical

1 个来源1988

occupational therapy

MOHO-ST

The Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool (MOHO-ST) is a brief, clinician-administered interview-based assessment grounded in the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) theoretical framework. Developed by Parkinson, Forsyth, and Kielhofner (2006), the MOHO-ST screens for occupational participation and motivation across fo

2 个来源2006

clinical psychology

Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale

The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale is a 10-item clinician-rated assessment designed by Stuart Montgomery and Marie Åsberg in 1979 to measure depression severity and track treatment response. Published in the British Journal of Psychiatry, the MADRS was developed as an alternative to longer instruments like t

3 个来源1979

Montreal Cognitive Assessment

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief 10-minute cognitive screening test designed to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. Developed by Nasreddine and colleagues in 2005 at McGill University, MoCA is more sensitive to cognitive impairment than the Mini-Cog or MMSE, particularly for detec

2 个来源2005

clinical psychology

Mood Disorder Questionnaire

The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a 13-item self-report screening instrument designed to identify individuals at risk for bipolar spectrum disorders. Developed by Hirschfeld and colleagues in 2000, the MDQ assesses symptoms of mania and hypomania as well as the clustering of symptoms into distinct episodes. It i

2 个来源2000

Morisky Medication Adherence Scale

The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale is a brief, validated tool developed by Donald Morisky in 1986 to measure patients' adherence to prescribed medications. Originally created to assess hypertension medication compliance, it has since become a standard screening instrument across chronic disease management, primary

1 个来源1986

Morse Fall Scale

The Morse Fall Scale (MFS) is a brief, reliable tool for assessing the risk of falling in hospitalized patients. Developed by Janice M. Morse through research identifying characteristics of fall-prone patients, the MFS evaluates six specific risk factors: history of falling, secondary diagnoses, ambulatory aids, intrav

2 个来源1987

health measurement

MOS Social Support Survey

The Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SS) is a 19-item self-report measure of social support developed by Sherbourne and Stewart in 1991. It assesses functional aspects of social relationships—emotional, informational, tangible, and social companionship support—relevant to health outcomes in diverse pop

3 个来源1991

clinical psychology

Motivational Interviewing

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a client-centered counseling approach designed to elicit and strengthen intrinsic motivation for behavioral change. Developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in 1991, MI has been extensively applied to substance use disorders, health behavior change, mental health treatment e

2 个来源1991

oncology nursing

MSAS

The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale is a comprehensive multisymptom instrument that captures both prevalence and distress of 32 cancer-related symptoms (full version) or 10 core symptoms (short form). Developed by Portenoy and colleagues at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in 1994, the MSAS is designed for deta

2 个来源1994

MSFC

The Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) is an objective, performance-based assessment of MS-related disability capturing three key functional domains: lower extremity mobility, upper extremity coordination, and cognitive/processing speed. Developed in 1999 by the National MS Society and adopted widely in cli

1 个来源1999

MSWS-12

The MSWS-12 is a brief, patient-reported outcome measure specifically designed to assess the impact of multiple sclerosis on walking ability and limitation. Developed by Hobart and colleagues in 2003, this 12-item scale captures both the physical difficulty and functional consequences of MS-related gait impairment. It

1 个来源2003

Multi-State Model

The multi-state model is a generalised survival framework, formalised in the work of Andersen and Keiding and brought to wide biostatistical practice by Putter, Fiocco and Geskus (2007), that models individuals moving through multiple distinct health states — for example, healthy, ill and dead — over time. A separate h

2 个来源1978

Multicenter case report

A multicenter case report is a structured clinical document describing one or a very small number of unusual patients observed across two or more independent healthcare institutions. By pooling observations from multiple sites, it overcomes the rarity barrier that prevents any single center from documenting an unusual

2 个来源2013

Multicenter case series

A multicenter case series is an observational descriptive study in which consecutive or selected patients sharing a defined clinical condition are enrolled and followed at two or more independent clinical sites. By pooling cases across institutions, researchers achieve larger sample sizes and greater demographic and cl

2 个来源1970

Multicenter Case-Control Study

A multicenter case-control study is an observational design that identifies individuals who have developed a disease (cases) and disease-free comparators (controls) across two or more study sites simultaneously. By pooling recruitment across hospitals, clinics, or geographic regions, the design achieves larger sample s

2 个来源1970

Multicenter Case-Crossover Design

The multicenter case-crossover design is an observational epidemiological method that investigates whether brief, transient exposures trigger acute health events by comparing each case's exposure just before the event to their own exposure during matched control periods — with data collected from two or more independen

2 个来源1991

Multicenter cohort study

A multicenter cohort study follows defined groups of participants at two or more geographically or institutionally distinct sites over time to estimate incidence, identify risk factors, and quantify associations between exposures and outcomes. By pooling data from multiple centers, it achieves statistical power and pop

2 个来源1970

Multicenter Competing Risks Analysis

Multicenter competing risks analysis is a time-to-event method applied across multiple clinical centers to estimate the probability of a specific event of interest when other mutually exclusive events — competing risks — can preclude its occurrence. By pooling data from diverse sites, it achieves the sample sizes neede

2 个来源1999

Multicenter Cox proportional hazards

Multicenter Cox proportional hazards regression extends the classic Cox PH model to studies conducted at two or more clinical sites or centers. It estimates the effect of predictors on time-to-event outcomes while explicitly accounting for clustering within centers, between-center heterogeneity, and potential differenc

2 个来源1972

Multicenter Diagnostic Accuracy Study

A multicenter diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well an index test (e.g., a biomarker, imaging modality, or clinical prediction rule) identifies a target condition when conducted across two or more independent clinical sites. By recruiting patients from diverse settings, it produces estimates of sensitivity, spec

2 个来源2003

Multicenter Dose-Response Analysis

Multicenter dose-response analysis estimates the quantitative shape of the relationship between a graded exposure and a health outcome by pooling data or effect estimates across two or more study centers. Using flexible regression tools such as restricted cubic splines or fractional polynomials within a two-stage meta-

2 个来源1992

Multicenter Ecological Study

A multicenter ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which the units of analysis are groups — such as cities, regions, or countries — rather than individuals, and data are pooled from two or more distinct centers or geographic areas. The approach links aggregate exposure measures (e.g., average

2 个来源1980

Multicenter Kaplan-Meier analysis

Multicenter Kaplan-Meier analysis applies the Kaplan-Meier nonparametric estimator to time-to-event data collected from two or more clinical centers. By pooling or stratifying data across sites, it estimates survival functions and compares them between treatment groups while accounting for potential center effects, ena

2 个来源1958

Multicenter Nested Case-Control

A multicenter nested case-control study embeds a case-control analysis within two or more geographically or institutionally distinct prospective cohorts. Cases who develop the outcome of interest are identified across all participating sites, then matched to controls sampled from the same risk sets, enabling pooled est

2 个来源1990

Multicenter Phase I Clinical Trial

A multicenter Phase I clinical trial is the first systematic administration of an investigational agent to humans, conducted simultaneously across two or more clinical sites. Its primary objectives are to characterize the safety and tolerability profile of the intervention, determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), a

2 个来源1970

Multicenter phase II clinical trial

A multicenter phase II clinical trial is an interventional study conducted at two or more independent clinical sites to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of a new treatment in a defined patient population, following demonstrated tolerability in phase I. By pooling patients across sites, the design achieves t

2 个来源1970

Multicenter Phase III Clinical Trial

A multicenter Phase III clinical trial is the definitive confirmatory study that tests whether a new intervention produces a clinically meaningful benefit over a comparator in a large, representative patient population enrolled at two or more independent research sites. It is the primary evidence basis for regulatory a

2 个来源1940

Multicenter Phase IV Study

A multicenter Phase IV study is a post-marketing surveillance investigation conducted simultaneously at two or more clinical or research sites after a drug, device, or intervention has received regulatory approval. By pooling real-world data from diverse patient populations and geographic regions, it detects rare adver

2 个来源1980

← 67 / 128 →