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Environment & Sustainability160

手法統計学1,836 人工知能・機械学習1,661 意思決定科学932 研究方法1,354 測定1,745 因果とエビデンス532 研究実践118

1,410 件の手法 · 測定クリア

フィルターに一致する実在の手法。

並べ替え人気順 A–Z Z–A 新着順

Scratch Wound Assay

The scratch wound assay (also called the wound healing assay or gap closure assay) is a simple, cost-effective method for measuring cell migration in vitro. Developed and standardized by Liang, Park, and Guan in 2007, the assay involves creating a defined gap (wound) in a monolayer of confluent cells using a pipette ti

3件の出典2007

environmental psychology

SCS

The Sustainable Consumption Scale (SCS) measures the extent to which individuals adopt sustainable and ethical consumption practices across multiple life domains including food, clothing, household products, transportation, and waste. Developed within ecological economics and consumer behavior frameworks (Sundström, 20

2件の出典2008

Seattle Angina Questionnaire

The Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) is a 19-item self-report measure that evaluates the frequency and severity of angina symptoms, functional limitations, and disease-specific quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Developed by Spertus and colleagues in 1995, the SAQ has become the gold-standard s

1件の出典1995

reliability engineering

Second-Order Reliability Method

The Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) is an extension of FORM that improves failure probability estimates by accounting for the curvature of the limit-state surface at the design point. Introduced by Fiessler, Neumann, and Rackwitz in 1979, SORM provides more accurate approximations for nonlinear failure surfaces

4件の出典1979

trauma psychology

Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale

The STSS is a 17-item self-report scale measuring secondary traumatic stress (STS)—trauma-related symptoms experienced by professionals exposed to others' trauma through their work. Developed by Bride and colleagues in 2004, the STSS operationalizes the concept of secondary traumatic stress disorder, a recognized occup

2件の出典2004

Seed Germination Test

Seed Germination Test is an analytical and physiological pipeline for assessing seed viability and germination rate under controlled conditions. Standardized by ISTA (International Seed Testing Association), this method quantifies the proportion of seeds capable of normal seedling development and informs seed quality c

2件の出典2015

Seismic Reflection Interpretation

Seismic reflection interpretation is the process of extracting meaningful geological information from seismic survey data, which is collected by recording elastic waves reflected from rock layers beneath the surface. Developed and systematized in the mid-20th century, this method is foundational in petroleum exploratio

3件の出典1960

social psychology

Self-Compassion Scale

The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is a 26-item measure assessing self-compassion—the capacity to relate to oneself with kindness and understanding, rather than harsh self-judgment, in the face of difficulty or failure. Developed by Kristin Neff in 2003, the SCS operationalizes self-compassion as a multidimensional constr

3件の出典2003

mindfulness psychology

Self-Compassion Scale Short Form

The Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (SCS-SF) is a 12-item self-report instrument measuring self-compassion, a construct closely related to mindfulness emphasizing how individuals respond to personal suffering and failure with kindness and understanding. Developed by Raes, Neff, and colleagues in 2011 and published in

1件の出典2011

Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale

The Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale (SEAMS) is a brief self-report measure designed to assess patients' confidence in their ability to manage medications appropriately across diverse contexts and challenges. Grounded in Bandura's self-efficacy theory, the SEAMS evaluates patients' perceived capacity

1件の出典2007

psychiatric rehabilitation

Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale

The Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale (SSSH) is a 10-item self-report measure assessing the degree to which individuals experience shame, embarrassment, or fear of judgment related to seeking psychological or mental health help. Developed by David L. Vogel, Nathan G. Wade, and Stephanie Haake in 2006, the SSSH captures

1件の出典2006

Semantic Differential

The Semantic Differential is an attitude measurement technique that assesses the connotative meaning (emotional and evaluative associations) of concepts through ratings on multiple bipolar adjective scales. Developed by Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum in the 1950s, the method reveals the affective structure underlying how

3件の出典1957

Semen Quality Evaluation

Semen quality evaluation is a systematic assessment of male animal reproductive capacity, measuring sperm characteristics and overall breeding soundness. Developed by veterinary andrologists in the 1970s, the practice combines objective measures—sperm concentration, motility, morphology—with functional tests to predict

3件の出典1970

educational psychology

Sense of Belonging Scale

The Sense of Belonging Scale (SOBS) measures students' perceptions of their connectedness and acceptance within the school community. Developed by Goodenow (1993), it assesses whether students feel valued, included, and connected to peers and teachers. Sense of belonging is a critical psychological need and a powerful

2件の出典1993

survey methodology

Sensitivity Analysis-Based Purposive Sampling

Sensitivity analysis-based purposive sampling extends conventional purposive sampling by systematically testing whether key findings or case-selection decisions change when the inclusion criteria, selection logic, or boundary conditions are altered. It applies the logic of sensitivity analysis — standard in quantitativ

2件の出典1990

survey methodology

Sensor Data Collection

Sensor data collection uses physical or digital instruments to automatically capture quantitative measurements from the environment, human bodies, or machines over time. Common sensors measure temperature, motion, heart rate, location, light, sound, or chemical properties. Because the recording is automated and continu

2件の出典1990

anxiety disorders

Separation Anxiety Questionnaire

The Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ) is a self-report instrument measuring the intensity of separation anxiety experienced during or anticipated during separation from attachment figures. Developed by Sharpley and colleagues in 2000, the SAQ assesses worry, fear, and distress related to being apart from parents,

1件の出典2000

clinical assessment

Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score

The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, introduced by Vincent and Moreno in 1996, is a 24-point daily assessment tool that quantifies organ dysfunction across six physiological systems in critically ill patients. It was adopted into the 2016 Sepsis-3 definitions and is now the international standard for i

2件の出典1996

SERS

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) amplifies weak Raman signals by many orders of magnitude when analyte molecules are adsorbed on specially prepared metal (typically silver or gold) nanostructured surfaces. Discovered by Fleischmann, Hendra, and McQuillan in 1974, SERS enables detection of vibrational signatur

3件の出典1974

organizational behavior

Servant Leadership Scale

The Servant Leadership Scale (SLS), developed by Liden and colleagues in 2008, measures the extent to which leaders prioritize others' well-being and development. Building on Robert Greenleaf's 1970 concept of servant leadership, the SLS operationalizes servant leadership across seven dimensions: emotional healing, cre

2件の出典2008

marketing management

SERVPERF Scale

SERVPERF, developed by Cronin and Taylor in 1992, is a streamlined service quality measurement instrument that evaluates perceived service performance only, without the expectation component. Using 22 items identical in content to SERVQUAL but applied to perception alone, SERVPERF reduces survey burden while maintainin

2件の出典1992

marketing management

SERVQUAL Service Quality Scale

SERVQUAL is a 22-item, multi-dimensional scale developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry in 1988 to measure consumer perceptions of service quality. It captures the gap between customer expectations and actual service performance across five core dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Em

2件の出典1988

SES

The Social Engagement Scale (SES) is a brief self-report measure assessing the frequency and quality of social contact and participation in social activities in older adults. While multiple versions exist (developed by various researchers in gerontology), the core concept measures social connection—the degree to which

3件の出典2000

psychotherapy research

Session Rating Scale

The Session Rating Scale (SRS) is a 4-item ultra-brief measure of client perceptions of session quality and therapeutic alliance, developed by Miller and Duncan to support real-time feedback in psychotherapy. Administered after each session, the SRS captures client satisfaction with the relationship, alignment on goals

2件の出典2000

Session RPE

Session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) is a simple, athlete-centered method to quantify training load by combining perceived exertion intensity (RPE, 0-10 scale) with session duration. Introduced by Carl Foster (2001), sRPE avoids the need for external equipment (heart rate monitors, GPS, force plates) and captures

3件の出典2001

occupational health

Sexual Harassment Experiences Questionnaire

The Sexual Harassment Experiences Questionnaire measures employee exposure to unwanted sexual behavior, comments, and coercion in the workplace. Developed by Fitzgerald, Gelfand, and Drasgow, the SHEQ distinguishes between gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion—recognizing that sexual harassm

2件の出典1995

urology gynecology

Sexual Satisfaction Scale

The Sexual Satisfaction Scale (also known as the Kansas City Sexual Satisfaction Scale) is a brief, unidimensional self-report measure designed to assess subjective satisfaction with sexual life and sexual relationships. First published by Ponticas in 2003, it comprises typically 5–7 items measuring global sexual satis

2件の出典2003

health measurement

SF-12 Health Survey

The SF-12 is a brief, 12-item version of the SF-36 health survey developed by Ware, Kosinski, and Keller in 1996. Designed to reduce respondent burden while maintaining psychometric validity, it has become the standard instrument for large-scale surveys, epidemiological studies, and health outcomes research where admin

3件の出典1996

health measurement

SF-36 Health Survey

The SF-36 is a generic, self-administered 36-item questionnaire measuring eight dimensions of health status. Developed by Ware and Sherbourne in 1992, it has become the most widely used health survey in clinical trials, outcomes research, and population health monitoring. It assesses perceived health across physical an

3件の出典1992

health measurement

SF-8 Health Survey

The SF-8 is an ultra-brief, 8-item version of the SF-36 health survey developed by Ware and colleagues in 2005. Designed for extreme time-constraint settings and large-scale epidemiological surveys, the SF-8 maintains strong correlation with SF-36 and SF-12 domains while requiring only 1–2 minutes to complete.

3件の出典2005

SGRQ

The SGRQ is a 76-item disease-specific quality-of-life instrument designed to measure health status in patients with chronic respiratory disease, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Developed by Jones and colleagues at King's College London in 1991, it has become the gold standard for assessing f

2件の出典1991

Shade Selection in Dentistry

Shade selection in dentistry is the process of determining the appropriate color and translucency of tooth-colored restorative materials to match the patient's natural dentition. Systematic shade selection involves visual assessment using calibrated shade guides, spectrophotometric measurement, and sometimes digital im

3件の出典1980

clinical psychology

Sheehan Disability Scale

The Sheehan Disability Scale is a brief three-item self-report measure designed by David V. Sheehan to assess functional impairment across work/school, social life, and family life domains in psychiatric and medical disorders. First described in Sheehan's 1983 book 'The Anxiety Disease' and validated in multiple studie

3件の出典1983

Short form construct validity

Short form construct validity is the systematic evaluation of whether an abbreviated version of a psychological scale still measures the same underlying construct as the original full-length instrument. It combines item selection procedures with confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity tests,

2件の出典1990

Short form content validity

Short-form content validity evaluates whether items retained in an abbreviated scale still adequately represent every substantive facet of the construct measured by the original full-length instrument. It ensures that shortening a scale does not hollow out the conceptual domain it was designed to cover.

2件の出典1995

Short form differential item functioning

Short-form differential item functioning (DIF) analysis examines whether individual items in an abbreviated scale function equivalently across demographic or subgroup comparisons. When a scale is shortened, retained items must still behave fairly for all relevant groups — DIF analysis verifies this, ensuring that score

2件の出典1970

Short form generalizability theory

Short form generalizability theory applies the G-theory variance-component framework to abbreviated measurement instruments, using G-studies and D-studies to estimate how many items a short scale must retain to achieve a desired reliability and to evaluate the accuracy of decisions made with a condensed instrument.

2件の出典1963

Short Form Measurement Invariance

Short form measurement invariance testing evaluates whether an abbreviated version of a psychological scale measures the same latent construct equivalently across groups or conditions. It applies the hierarchical multigroup confirmatory factor analysis invariance sequence — configural, metric, scalar, and strict — spec

2件の出典2000

Short form nomological validity

Short form nomological validity examines whether an abbreviated version of a psychological scale preserves the pattern of theoretically expected correlations with conceptually related and unrelated constructs. It is a cornerstone step in justifying the use of a shortened instrument in research and applied settings.

2件の出典1955

gastroenterology

Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire

The Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ-32) is a validated patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess the impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease—on health-related quality of life. Derived from the original 32-item IBDQ, this instrument comprises

1件の出典2004

Short-form item analysis

Short-form item analysis is the systematic psychometric evaluation and selection of items when constructing an abbreviated version of a longer measurement instrument. It applies classical and modern item-analysis criteria — item-total correlations, reliability estimates, and factor structure — to identify the smallest

2件の出典1990

Short-form McDonald's omega

Short-form McDonald's omega applies the omega reliability coefficient to abbreviated or shortened versions of psychological scales. It provides a theoretically sound reliability estimate that accounts for the multidimensional structure of the short instrument, enabling researchers to evaluate whether abbreviation has p

2件の出典1999

Short-form reliability analysis

Short-form reliability analysis evaluates whether an abbreviated version of a psychological scale maintains acceptable internal consistency, validity, and structural integrity after items are removed. It is used in survey and assessment research to create briefer instruments that reduce respondent burden without sacrif

2件の出典1990

Short-Form Scale Development

Short-form scale development is the systematic process of reducing a full-length psychological scale to a smaller subset of items while preserving the construct validity, reliability, and measurement properties of the original instrument. It is widely used when administration burden must be minimised without sacrificin

2件の出典1990

Short-form test-retest reliability

Short-form test-retest reliability quantifies how consistently an abbreviated version of a measurement instrument produces the same scores across two administrations separated by a defined time interval. It is a critical validation step whenever a full-length scale is shortened for practical use, confirming that item r

2件の出典1990

SIBTEST

SIBTEST (Simultaneous Item Bias Test) is a non-parametric method for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) and differential test functioning (DTF) developed by Shealy and Stout (1993). Unlike parametric approaches, SIBTEST does not assume a particular item response model and directly tests whether groups differ

3件の出典1993

health measurement

Sickness Impact Profile

The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is a comprehensive 136-item behavioral health status measure developed by Bergner and colleagues at the University of Washington in 1976. It assesses the impact of illness on daily activities and behavior across physical, psychosocial, and independent living dimensions. The SIP remains

3件の出典1976

Signal Detection Theory

Signal Detection Theory (SDT) is a framework for analyzing how observers detect signals embedded in noise, accounting for both sensory capacity and decision-making bias. Developed by Green and Swets in the 1960s, it provides a principled method for measuring sensitivity and response criteria separately, making it found

3件の出典1966

Silvicultural Treatment Design

Silvicultural treatment design is the process of developing specific management prescriptions for forest stands to achieve defined objectives (timber yield, biodiversity, carbon storage, watershed protection). Codified in foundational texts by Smith and colleagues, silvicultural design integrates stand assessment, grow

4件の出典1950

gastroenterology

Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index

The Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI) is a practical, bedside tool for assessing disease activity in ulcerative colitis and colonic Crohn's disease. Published in 1998 by Walmsley and colleagues, the SCCAI condenses disease assessment into six items that can be administered in a office visit without laborat

1件の出典1998

survey methodology

Simple random sampling

Simple random sampling (SRS) is the foundational probability sampling method in which every unit in the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected. Because selection is governed purely by chance, SRS eliminates systematic bias, supports unbiased estimation of population parameters, and provides th

2件の出典1953

Site Index Curve

A site index curve is a family of curves relating tree height to stand age, used to quantify the productivity of a forest site. Site index is conventionally defined as the height of dominant trees at a reference age (typically 50 years in temperate forests). These curves enable foresters to classify sites by productivi

2件の出典1954

Situational Awareness Rating Technique

The Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART), developed by Robert Taylor in 1990 for the NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD), is a subjective post-task measurement instrument for assessing an operator's degree of situational awareness (SA)—the perception of elements in the environmen

1件の出典1990

physical therapy

Six-Minute Walk Test

The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is a submaximal exercise assessment measuring the total distance a person can walk in six minutes at a self-selected pace. Developed by Guyatt and colleagues in 1985, the 6MWT has become the standard submaximal functional exercise test for patients with cardiopulmonary disease, quantifyi

2件の出典1985

Skindex-29

Skindex-29 is a validated, patient-centered quality-of-life measure specifically designed to assess the impact of any skin disease on patients' symptoms, emotions, and functioning. Developed by Chren, Lasek, and colleagues in 1997, it captures the multidimensional burden of dermatological conditions beyond clinical sev

2件の出典1997

survey methodology

Small Area Estimation

Small Area Estimation (SAE) refers to statistical techniques that produce reliable estimates for subpopulations — geographical regions, demographic groups, or administrative units — where direct survey samples are too sparse to yield acceptable precision. The Fay-Herriot model, introduced by Robert Fay and Roger Herrio

1件の出典1979

social media psychology

Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version

The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) is a 10-item self-report instrument that rapidly assesses smartphone dependency and addiction-like behaviors in adolescents and adults. Developed by Kwon and colleagues in 2013 as an abbreviated version of the original 33-item SAS, it measures core dimensions of add

1件の出典2013

Smoke Dispersion

Smoke dispersion modeling predicts how smoke from wildfires and prescribed burns travels and disperses through the atmosphere, affecting air quality and visibility. Models use fire characteristics (size, intensity, fuel type), atmospheric conditions (wind, stability, mixing height), and topography to forecast smoke plu

2件の出典2000

SNAP-II

SNAP-II is a six-variable physiological scoring system designed to quantify acute illness severity in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates and predict mortality risk. Developed by Richardson and colleagues in 2001 as a refinement of the original SNAP, it incorporates readily available bedside physiological variables (

2件の出典2001

SNOT-22

The SNOT-22 is a 22-item disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire designed to assess sino-nasal symptoms and their functional impact on patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, and allied conditions. Developed by Hopkins and colleagues at King's College London in 2009, it has become the most widely

2件の出典2009

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