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Explore science by method, field & evidence.

One catalogue of research methods — learn how each one works, when to use it, and what it can’t do.

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FieldHealth & Medicine716Psychology570Business & Finance410Engineering330Life Sciences263Education261Research Practice248
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Entries are compiled from published sources for reference. Verifying the accuracy and suitability of any information for your own use remains your responsibility.

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Natural Sciences236
Social Sciences185
Environment & Sustainability160
Law30
MethodStatistics1,836AI & ML1,661Decision Sciences932Research Methods1,354Measurement1,745Causal & Evidence532Research Practice118
359 methods in Health & Medicine · MeasurementClear
Methods at the intersection of your two filters.
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occupational therapy

9HPT

The Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) is a brief, quantitative, performance-based measure of fine motor hand dexterity and coordination. Developed by Mathiowetz and colleagues (1985) at the University of Minnesota, the 9HPT is one of the simplest and most widely used screening tests for hand function, particularly finger dexte

2 sources1985
clinical psychology

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a values-based, process-oriented psychotherapy developed by Steven C. Hayes and colleagues that helps individuals create meaningful lives while living with difficult thoughts, feelings, and sensations. Using mindfulness, values clarification, and behavioral commitment, ACT rep

2 sources1999
sports medicine

ACL Return to Sport after Injury Scale

The ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) Scale is a 12-item patient-reported outcome instrument designed to measure the psychological impact and readiness to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction. Developed by Webster, Feller, and Lambros in 2008 and published in the Briti

1 source2008
dermatology

Acne-QoL

Acne-QoL is a disease-specific, patient-administered quality-of-life measure assessing the psychological and social burden of acne vulgaris. Acne is the most common skin disease in adolescents and young adults and causes substantial psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and social impairment disproportionate to

2 sources2004
physical therapy

Action Research Arm Test

The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) is a 19-item performance-based assessment measuring upper limb function in four domains: grasp, grip, pinch, and gross movement. Developed by Roberta Lyle in 1989, the ARAT has become the standard functional assessment for upper limb recovery in stroke rehabilitation, providing detai

2 sources1989
clinical research

Adaptive Trial Design

An adaptive trial design allows pre-specified modifications to the trial based on interim data—such as sample size re-estimation, stopping for futility or efficacy, dropping ineffective arms, or shifting randomization ratios toward better-performing treatments. Developed systematically in the 1990s–2000s by statisticia

3 sources1990
clinical psychology

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale

The ASRS-v1.1 is an 18-item self-report screening scale for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2005 under World Health Organization auspices. A brief 6-item version provides rapid initial screening. The scale has become standard first-step screening in primary car

1 source2005
clinical psychology

Affective Lability Scale

The ALS is a 54-item self-report measure of affective lability—rapid, unpredictable shifts in mood and anxiety states. Developed by Harvey, Greenberg, and Serper in 1989, it distinguishes normal emotional responsiveness from pathological mood instability. Affective lability is recognized as feature of bipolar disorder,

1 source1989
neurology

AIMS

The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is the standard clinical rating scale for assessing tardive dyskinesia, a iatrogenic movement disorder resulting from chronic antipsychotic medication exposure. Developed by the National Institute of Mental Health in 1976, the 12-item scale systematically measures involunt

1 source1976
pharmacology

Allometric PK Scaling

Allometric scaling is a mathematical approach for predicting human pharmacokinetics from preclinical animal data using body weight relationships. Developed systematically by Mordenti and colleagues in the late 1980s, it enables rational first-in-human dose prediction without assuming species-specific metabolic differen

2 sources1989
dermatology

ALPPQ

The Hair Loss Impact Questionnaire (Alopecia Areata Patient Priority Outcomes Questionnaire, ALPPQ) is a disease-specific, patient-administered quality-of-life measure assessing the psychosocial and functional burden of alopecia areata, a chronic autoimmune disorder causing patchy hair loss. Alopecia areata affects app

2 sources2014
neurology

ALSFRS-R

The ALSFRS-R is a 12-item clinician-administered functional rating scale designed to assess disease progression and functional status in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Introduced by Cedarbaum and colleagues in 1999, it expands upon the original ALSFRS by incorporating respiratory function assessment. It is the pr

1 source1999
sports medicine

American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score

The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Standardized Assessment Form is a hybrid outcome instrument combining patient self-report and clinician assessment to evaluate shoulder function and pain. Developed by the ASES Committee in 1994 and published in the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, the ASES Score ha

1 source1994
veterinary medicine

Anesthesia Risk Scoring in Veterinary Medicine

Anesthesia risk scoring is a systematic preoperative assessment method that stratifies patient risk based on medical history, physical findings, and health status. Adapted from the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification (developed for humans in 1941) and refined for veterinary species thro

3 sources1941
veterinary medicine

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing in Veterinary Medicine

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is a systematic in vitro laboratory method that determines which antimicrobial agents are effective against an isolated bacterial or fungal pathogen. Standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and other regulatory bodies since the 1960s, AST guides

3 sources1960
clinical assessment

APACHE II Score

The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, introduced by Knaus et al. in 1985, is a 71-point severity of illness classification system for critically ill patients. It combines acute physiological parameters, age, and chronic health status to predict intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, facili

2 sources1985
clinical assessment

Apgar Score

The Apgar score, introduced by Virginia Apgar in 1952, is a 10-point rapid assessment of newborn vital status immediately after birth. It evaluates appearance, pulse, grimace (reflex irritability), activity, and respiration at 1 and 5 minutes of life, providing an objective, reproducible measure of neonatal condition a

2 sources1952
speech language pathology

Aphasia Impact Questionnaire

The Aphasia Impact Questionnaire (AIQ), most commonly administered as the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL-39), is a comprehensive 39-item self-report measure of health-related quality of life in adults with aphasia following stroke or acquired brain injury. Developed by Hilari and colleagues (2003), AIQ

3 sources2003
occupational health

Areas of Worklife Scale

The Areas of Worklife Scale (AWS) is a multidimensional assessment tool designed to measure organizational and job factors associated with occupational burnout. Developed by Leiter and Maslach in 2004, the AWS evaluates six critical job dimensions: workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values alignment. U

1 source2004
pharmacology

Arrhenius Stability

Arrhenius stability testing predicts pharmaceutical product shelf-life by conducting accelerated degradation studies at elevated temperatures and using the Arrhenius equation to extrapolate to storage conditions. Based on Svante Arrhenius's 1889 equation relating reaction rate to temperature, this method is regulatory

2 sources1889
physical therapy

Ashworth Scale for Spasticity

The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is a clinical rating scale for assessing muscle spasticity, quantifying the resistance to passive movement on a 0-4 scale plus an additional grade. Originally developed by B. Ashworth in 1964 and refined by Bohannon and Smith in 1987, the MAS is the most widely used bedside tool for ev

2 sources1964
rehabilitation science

Assessment of Life Habits

The Assessment of Life Habits (LIFE-H) is a comprehensive, interview-based measure that evaluates participation in 11 key life domains—from basic self-care and nutrition to work, recreation, and community engagement. Developed in Quebec by Fougeyrollas, Noreau, and colleagues, LIFE-H operationalizes the ICF concept of

2 sources1992
integrative medicine

Attitudes toward CAM Scale

The ACAMS is a self-report instrument measuring healthcare professionals' and students' attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Developed in the early 2000s, it assesses openness, acceptance, and perceived legitimacy of CAM alongside conventional medicine, helping identify educational gaps and organiza

2 sources2003
health measurement

AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a 10-item screening and assessment tool developed by the World Health Organization in 1993. It rapidly identifies hazardous alcohol use, harmful drinking, and alcohol dependence across diverse populations. The AUDIT has become the gold-standard alcohol screening

3 sources1993
health measurement

AUDIT-C

The AUDIT-C is a 3-item brief alcohol screening tool derived from the first three questions of the full AUDIT. Published by Bush and colleagues in 2003, it assesses alcohol consumption frequency and quantity in under one minute. The AUDIT-C has become the standard ultra-brief screen for problem drinking in primary care

3 sources2003
addiction medicine

AUQ

The AUQ is an 8-item self-report instrument that measures the intensity of urges and desire to drink alcohol. Developed by Bohn, Krahn, and Staehler in 1995, it is designed to assess craving in individuals with alcohol use disorder who are abstaining or attempting to reduce drinking. The AUQ is a brief, validated tool

1 source1995
addiction medicine

BAM

The BAM is a 17-item self-report instrument designed to provide rapid, multimodal assessment of substance use, craving, risk factors, protective factors, and psychosocial functioning in individuals receiving addiction treatment. Developed by Cacciola and colleagues in 2013, it serves as an efficient outcome monitoring

1 source2013
rehabilitation

Barthel ADL Index

The Barthel Index is a brief, observer-rated scale measuring independence in activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with disability, stroke, and neurological conditions. Developed by Barthel and Mahoney in 1965, it has become a widely used outcome measure in rehabilitation, stroke care, and geriatrics for assessi

3 sources1965
nursing

Barthel Index

The Barthel Index (BI) is one of the most widely used functional assessment tools measuring independence in activities of daily living. Developed by Florence I. Mahoney and Dorothea W. Barthel in 1965, the Barthel Index evaluates a patient's ability to perform ten essential self-care and mobility activities. Its longev

2 sources1965
nursing

Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool

The Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BJWAT), originally developed as the Pressure Sore Status Tool, is a comprehensive instrument for objectively assessing pressure ulcer characteristics and monitoring healing progress. Created by Barbara M. Bates-Jensen, the tool evaluates 13 distinct wound dimensions including siz

2 sources1990
clinical assessment

Behavioral Pain Scale

The Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS), developed by Payen et al. in 2001, is a 12-point tool designed to assess pain in critically ill sedated or paralyzed patients who cannot communicate verbally. It evaluates facial expressions, upper limb movements, and ventilator compliance to quantify pain intensity despite sedation or

2 sources2001
pharmacology

Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire

The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) is an 18-item self-report measure developed by Horne, Weinman, and Hankins in 1999 to assess patients' cognitive beliefs about necessity of medications and concerns about potential adverse effects. It is widely used in clinical research to predict medication adherence, pa

1 source1999
physical therapy

Berg Balance Scale

The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is a 14-item performance-based assessment developed by Katherine Berg in 1989 to measure balance ability in older adults and individuals with neurological conditions. It evaluates static and dynamic balance through functional tasks relevant to daily living, providing a reliable and valid to

2 sources1989
sleep medicine

Berlin Questionnaire

The Berlin Questionnaire is a 10-item screening instrument designed to identify patients at risk for obstructive sleep apnea in primary care and community settings. Developed by Netzer and colleagues in 1999, it uses a three-category scoring approach (snoring symptoms, daytime somnolence, and hypertension/obesity) to s

1 source1999
clinical psychology

BES

The BES is a 16-item self-report questionnaire designed specifically to measure the behavioural and emotional features of binge eating in obese and non-obese populations. Developed by Gormally and colleagues in 1982, the BES uses a forced-choice format and focuses on the subjective experience of loss of control, severi

3 sources1982
neurology

BI

The Barthel Index (BI) is the most widely used functional assessment tool for measuring disability and dependency in activities of daily living, particularly in stroke and neurological rehabilitation. Developed by Florence Mahoney and Dorothea Barthel in 1965, the 10-item index quantifies independence in basic self-car

2 sources1965
clinical psychology

BIDQ

The BIDQ is a brief self-report questionnaire screening for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a disorder characterized by preoccupation with a perceived defect in appearance and repetitive behaviours (mirror checking, grooming, comparing with others). Developed by Castle and colleagues, the BIDQ focuses on the core diagn

3 sources2006
veterinary medicine

Blood Gas Analysis in Veterinary Medicine

Blood gas analysis is a systematic laboratory method for measuring partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, pH, bicarbonate, and electrolytes in arterial or venous blood. Formalized in veterinary medicine since the 1960s-1970s, it provides critical real-time assessment of respiratory function, metabolic status,

3 sources1960
veterinary medicine

Body Condition Score for Dogs and Cats

Body condition scoring is a systematic clinical assessment method for evaluating a dog's or cat's body fat and muscle mass relative to ideal standards. Developed and standardized by Purina and veterinary nutrition experts in the 1990s-2000s, it provides objective evaluation of nutritional status, guides dietary managem

3 sources1997
cardiology

Borg Dyspnea Scale

The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale is a simple 0–10 (or original 6–20) numerical rating scale that quantifies a patient's subjective perception of dyspnea or general effort during activity or exercise testing. Developed by Swedish psychophysicist Gunnar Borg in the 1970s–1980s, the Borg Scale is ubiquito

2 sources1982
speech language pathology

Boston Aphasia Severity Rating Scale

The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination Severity Rating Scale (BDAE-SRS) is the gold-standard clinician-administered assessment of aphasia severity and type in adults following stroke or acquired brain injury. Developed by Goodglass, Kaplan, and colleagues (2001, third edition), BDAE provides comprehensive evaluation

3 sources2001
nursing

Braden Scale

The Braden Scale is a standardized risk assessment instrument used in nursing to identify hospitalized patients at risk of developing pressure ulcers. Developed by Barbara Braden and Nancy Bergstrom in 1987, it remains one of the most widely adopted tools in clinical practice for pressure ulcer prevention. The scale co

2 sources1987
clinical psychology

Brief Phobia Scales

Brief Phobia Scales are a collection of short, focused self-report instruments designed to measure fear and anxiety related to specific phobias such as agoraphobia, claustrophobia, fear of flying, fear of heights, and other circumscribed fears. Developed by various researchers including Woody and Lohr, these scales pro

1 source2005
occupational health

Burnout Exhaustion Scale

The Exhaustion Scale is a brief, single-item or multi-item measure of work-related exhaustion and fatigue. Derived from comprehensive burnout instruments such as the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, the Exhaustion Scale isolates the depletion dimension as a rapid screening tool. It is particu

2 sources2002
pharmacology

Caco-2 Permeability

The Caco-2 assay is an in vitro model system using human colon carcinoma cell monolayers to screen drug intestinal permeability. Developed by Hidalgo and colleagues in 1989, Caco-2 cells differentiate into an epithelial barrier resembling intestinal mucosa, enabling rapid assessment of drug absorption potential and ide

2 sources1989
health measurement

CAGE Questionnaire

The CAGE is a 4-item brief alcohol screening questionnaire developed by Ewing and colleagues in the 1970s. The acronym represents the four questions: Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye opener. Published in 1984, it has become one of the most widely used brief alcohol screens in medical practice due to its simplicity and hi

3 sources1974
nursing

CAM Delirium Screening

The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a widely validated diagnostic tool developed by Sharon K. Inouye and colleagues to detect delirium in hospitalized patients. Delirium is an acute change in mental status characterized by inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered consciousness that is often missed in clinic

2 sources1990
integrative medicine

CAM Use Questionnaire

The I-CAM-Q is a structured questionnaire designed to systematically assess the use of complementary and alternative medicine practices and practitioners. Developed by Quandt and colleagues in 2009, it provides comprehensive data on CAM utilization patterns, frequency, purposes, and perceived helpfulness across diverse

2 sources2009
oncology nursing

Cancer Fatigue Scale

The Cancer Fatigue Scale is a 15-item disease-specific self-report instrument that comprehensively assesses three dimensions of cancer-related fatigue: physical, cognitive, and emotional. Developed by Takuo Okuyama and colleagues at the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research and published in 2000, the CFS provides a b

2 sources2000
oncology

Cancer Worry Scale

The Cancer Worry Scale (CWS) is a brief 8-item instrument assessing the degree to which cancer-related worry interferes with daily functioning and emotional well-being. Developed by Lerman et al. in 1991, it quantifies cancer-related anxiety and distress—psychological burden distinct from symptom burden and functional

1 source1991
nursing

Care Dependency Scale

The Care Dependency Scale (CDS) is a comprehensive assessment tool that measures the degree of care dependency in patients by evaluating their ability to perform activities of daily living and manage their health conditions independently. Developed by Atie Dijkstra and colleagues, the CDS focuses on physical independen

2 sources2000
clinical research

Case-Control Study Design

A case-control study identifies individuals with a disease or outcome (cases) and a comparison group without the outcome (controls), then measures prior exposure retrospectively. Developed in the 1950s–1970s by epidemiologists like Schlesselman and MacMahon, case-control studies are especially efficient for rare diseas

3 sources1950
clinical psychology

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely

2 sources1977
clinical assessment

CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score

The CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, developed by Lip, Nieuwlaat, and colleagues in 2010, is a 9-point risk stratification tool for predicting annual stroke and systemic thromboembolism risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. It is the recommended score by major cardiology guidelines for guiding anticoagulation decisions.

2 sources2010
oncology nursing

Chalder Fatigue Scale

The Chalder Fatigue Scale is an 11-item brief self-report instrument measuring physical and mental fatigue, developed by Trudie Chalder and colleagues at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, in 1993. Originally designed for chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis/ME) research, the CFS has been extensively va

2 sources1993
dermatology

Children's DLQI

The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (cDLQI) is a pediatric-adapted version of the adult DLQI, measuring the impact of skin disease on quality of life in children and adolescents aged 4–16 years. Developed by Lewis-Jones and Finlay in 1995, it uses child-friendly language and addresses domains relevant to chil

2 sources1995
pharmacology

Chou-Talalay Method

The Chou-Talalay method is a quantitative framework for analyzing drug interactions, developed by Ting-Chao Chou and Paul Talalay in 1983. It combines median-effect principle with the combination index (CI) to provide rigorous, model-independent assessment of synergistic, additive, or antagonistic drug effects.

2 sources1983
pediatric medicine

CHQ

The Child Health Questionnaire is a generic, parent-reported instrument developed by Landgraf et al. in 1996 to measure health-related quality of life in children aged 5–18 years. Unlike disease-specific measures, the CHQ captures broad domains of physical, emotional, social, and school functioning, making it suitable

2 sources1996
pain medicine

Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire

The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) is a 20-item self-report instrument developed by McCracken in 1998 to measure pain acceptance—the willingness to experience pain while continuing with valued life activities. Unlike pain management approaches focused on pain reduction, the CPAQ operationalizes acceptance

3 sources1998
rehabilitation

Clinical Dementia Rating

The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) is a clinician-administered scale that assesses severity of dementia on a 0–3 scale based on interview with the patient and an informed collateral source (e.g., family member). Developed by Morris and colleagues at Washington University School of Medicine, the CDR has become the refer

3 sources1984