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248

Natural Sciences236

Social Sciences185

Environment & Sustainability160

Law30

MethodStatistics1,836 AI & ML1,661 Decision Sciences932 Research Methods1,354 Measurement1,745 Causal & Evidence532 Research Practice118

1,745 methods · MeasurementClear

Real methods matching your filter.

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sports science

1RM Estimation

One-repetition maximum (1RM) estimation is a method to predict an athlete's maximum strength in a given lift without performing an actual maximal single repetition. Developed systematically by Matt Brzycki (1993) and refined by numerous researchers, 1RM estimation uses submaximal loads and repetition performance to ext

3 sources1993

psychometrics

2PL IRT

The two-parameter logistic item response model, formalised by Frederic Lord (1980), describes the probability that a respondent answers a binary test item correctly as a smooth S-shaped function of the respondent's latent ability. By estimating a separate discrimination parameter for each item alongside a difficulty pa

2 sources1980

organizational behavior

360-Degree Feedback

360-degree feedback, also called multisource feedback, gathers ratings of a focal person's work behavior from the full circle of people around them, self, supervisor, peers, and direct reports, and sometimes customers, rather than from a single boss. The aim is to give a more complete, less biased picture of performanc

3 sources1995

psychometrics

3PL IRT

The three-parameter logistic (3PL) model, introduced by Allan Birnbaum in 1968, is an item response theory model that describes the probability of a correct response to a binary test item as a function of three item-level parameters — difficulty, discrimination, and a lower asymptote representing guessing — and one per

2 sources1968

occupational therapy

9HPT

The Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) is a brief, quantitative, performance-based measure of fine motor hand dexterity and coordination. Developed by Mathiowetz and colleagues (1985) at the University of Minnesota, the 9HPT is one of the simplest and most widely used screening tests for hand function, particularly finger dexte

2 sources1985

bereavement psychology

AAG

The Adult Attitude to Grief Scale (AAG) is a measure assessing individual beliefs, attitudes, and values regarding grief and bereavement. Developed by Richard K. Barrett, the AAG captures how adults conceptualize grief—including beliefs about whether grief is acceptable, whether emotions should be expressed, whether se

1 source1994

neuropsychology

Abbreviated Mental Test Score

The Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) is a brief, 10-item cognitive screening instrument developed by Hodkinson in 1972 and originally published in Age and Ageing. It was specifically designed to quickly assess cognitive function in older hospitalized patients, detecting delirium and dementia in acute hospital settings. Th

3 sources1972

gerontology

ABC Scale

The Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale is a self-report questionnaire developed by Powell and Myers in 1995 to measure an older adult's confidence in maintaining balance while performing 16 common daily activities. Unlike performance-based balance tests, the ABC Scale captures self-efficacy—the person's

3 sources1995

optics

ABCD Matrix

The ABCD matrix, or ray transfer matrix method, is a compact algebraic framework for analyzing optical systems. Introduced by Kogelnik and Li in 1966, it represents the linear transformation of ray position and angle (or Gaussian beam parameters) through optical elements. This method is foundational in laser physics, G

3 sources1966

strategic management

Absorptive Capacity Scale

Absorptive Capacity (ACAP) refers to an organization's ability to acquire, assimilate, transform, and exploit external knowledge to enhance innovation and performance. Zahra and George (2002) reconceptualized absorptive capacity into four distinct but interrelated processes in their foundational Academy of Management R

3 sources2002

organizational behavior

Abusive Supervision Scale

The Abusive Supervision Scale measures subordinates' perceptions of the extent to which their supervisors engage in sustained displays of hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact. Bennett Tepper introduced both the construct and the scale in his 2000 Academy of Management Journal study, framin

2 sources2000

educational psychology

Academic Burnout Scale

The Academic Burnout Scale measures three dimensions of student burnout: emotional exhaustion, cynicism toward studies, and reduced academic efficacy. Developed by Schaufeli and colleagues in 2002, it adapts the Maslach Burnout Inventory framework to the academic context, providing researchers and educators with a vali

2 sources2002

educational psychology

Academic Help-Seeking Scale

The Academic Help-Seeking Scale measures students' inclination to seek academic help, their preferred sources of assistance (instructors, peers, tutors), and barriers that inhibit help-seeking (fear of judgment, embarrassment, preference for independence). Developed by Karabenick and colleagues in the 1990s, the AHSS r

2 sources1990

educational psychology

Academic Integrity Scale

The Academic Integrity Scale measures students' attitudes, values, and likelihood of engaging in academic dishonesty including cheating, plagiarism, and unauthorized collaboration. Multiple validated versions exist, each assessing different facets of academic integrity such as personal integrity commitment, perceived c

2 sources2000

educational psychology

Academic Motivation Scale

The Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) is a 28-item self-report instrument developed by Vallerand et al. (1992) to assess the quality of students' academic motivation. It distinguishes between intrinsic motivation (motivation for knowledge, accomplishment, and stimulation), extrinsic motivation (external regulation, intro

2 sources1992

educational psychology

Academic Resilience Scale

The Academic Resilience Scale measures the capacity of students to withstand and recover from academic adversity, including setbacks, failures, and difficult transitions. Developed by Cassidy in 2016, the ARS-30 conceptualizes resilience as a dynamic, multidimensional process involving perseverance, adaptive help-seeki

2 sources2016

educational psychology

Academic Self-Efficacy Scale

The Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES) measures students' beliefs about their capability to succeed in academic tasks. Grounded in Bandura's social cognitive theory, the instrument assesses perceived competence in diverse academic domains—understanding lectures, completing assignments, performing on exams, and engagin

2 sources1977

food science

Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing

Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) uses elevated temperature and controlled storage conditions to rapidly assess product degradation and predict realistic shelf-life without waiting months. By measuring quality parameters (moisture, acidity, nutrient levels, microbial growth) at accelerated conditions and applying k

2 sources1975

clinical psychology

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a values-based, process-oriented psychotherapy developed by Steven C. Hayes and colleagues that helps individuals create meaningful lives while living with difficult thoughts, feelings, and sensations. Using mindfulness, values clarification, and behavioral commitment, ACT rep

2 sources1999

social psychology

Acculturation Rating Scale

The Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans (ARSMA) is a self-report measure designed to assess the degree to which Mexican American and Mexican immigrant individuals adopt or maintain cultural practices, values, and identity. Originally developed by Cuéllar, Harris, and Jasso in 1980 and revised as ARSMA-II i

1 source1995

developmental assessment

Achenbach Youth Self-Report

The Youth Self-Report (YSR), developed by Thomas Achenbach and Leslie Rescorla, is a youth-completed behavioral rating form assessing emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents aged 11–18 years. Part of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA), the YSR parallels the parent-completed Child Beha

2 sources2003

sports medicine

ACL Return to Sport after Injury Scale

The ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) Scale is a 12-item patient-reported outcome instrument designed to measure the psychological impact and readiness to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction. Developed by Webster, Feller, and Lambros in 2008 and published in the Briti

1 source2008

dermatology

Acne-QoL

Acne-QoL is a disease-specific, patient-administered quality-of-life measure assessing the psychological and social burden of acne vulgaris. Acne is the most common skin disease in adolescents and young adults and causes substantial psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and social impairment disproportionate to

2 sources2004

acoustics

Acoustic Holography

Near-Field Acoustic Holography (NAH) is a technique for reconstructing 3D acoustic sound fields and visualizing sound radiation from sources by measuring pressure at a dense microphone array in the near field. Pioneered by Maynard, Williams, and Lee in 1985, NAH extends holographic principles from optics to acoustics,

3 sources1985

linguistics

Acoustic Phonetic Analysis

Acoustic phonetic analysis is the empirical measurement workflow at the heart of experimental phonetics: it records speech, segments and labels the signal, and extracts quantitative acoustic parameters — the waveform, the spectrogram, fundamental frequency (F0), the formants, intensity, segment duration, and voice onse

3 sources1960

veterinary science

Acoustic Telemetry

Acoustic telemetry is a remote tracking method in which small electronic transmitters attached to or implanted in animals emit unique acoustic signals detectable by underwater or terrestrial receiver networks, enabling real-time monitoring of animal movements, positions, and behavior over extended distances and times.

3 sources1960

pulmonology

ACQ

The ACQ is a 7-item self-report questionnaire developed by Juniper and colleagues at McMaster University in 1999 to assess the degree of asthma control in the previous one to two weeks. Unlike generic respiratory tools, the ACQ measures symptom-based control and rescue medication use, providing a simple yet psychometri

2 sources1999

endocrinology

AcroQoL

AcroQoL is a disease-specific 22-item quality of life questionnaire developed to assess the multidimensional burden of acromegaly, a chronic growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumor disorder. Developed by Buchfelder and colleagues in 2006, it captures physical complications (joint/bone pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, met

2 sources2006

physical therapy

Action Research Arm Test

The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) is a 19-item performance-based assessment measuring upper limb function in four domains: grasp, grip, pinch, and gross movement. Developed by Roberta Lyle in 1989, the ARAT has become the standard functional assessment for upper limb recovery in stroke rehabilitation, providing detai

2 sources1989

environmental engineering

Activated Sludge Model

The Activated Sludge Model (ASM) is a standardized mathematical framework for simulating biological wastewater treatment processes, developed by the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) beginning in 1987. It represents the transport, transformation, and fate of organic matter and nutrients in suspended-gro

3 sources1976

social gerontology

Active Ageing Index

The Active Ageing Index (AAI) is a composite indicator that measures the untapped potential of older people to contribute to the economy and society and to live independently. Developed jointly by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the European Commission and documented by Asghar Zaidi and co

1 source2013

disability studies

Activity Diary (Disability)

An activity diary, or time-use diary, is a structured record in which a person logs the activities they do across a day, how long each takes, and the context in which it happens; in disability research the method is adapted to capture daily activity participation, time allocation, the assistance people use, and the bar

2 sources2001

accounting

Activity-Based Costing

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is an advanced costing method developed by Robert Kaplan and Robin Cooper that allocates overhead and indirect costs to products or services based on their actual consumption of activities. Rather than using arbitrary allocation bases (e.g., machine hours or direct labor), ABC traces costs

2 sources1987

sports science

Acute-Chronic Workload Ratio

The acute-chronic workload ratio (ACWR) is the ratio of acute training load (typically the past 1 week) to chronic training load (typically the rolling 4-week average). Formalized by Tim Gabbett (2016), ACWR is a widely adopted metric for predicting injury and illness risk in sports. The logic is straightforward: rapid

3 sources2016

survey methodology

Adaptive Cluster Sampling

Adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) is a probability-based design in which an initial random sample of units triggers the inclusion of neighboring units whenever a predefined condition — typically a threshold count of a rare attribute — is satisfied. Developed by Steven K. Thompson in 1990, ACS is especially powerful for e

2 sources1990

marketing research

Adaptive Conjoint Analysis

Adaptive Conjoint Analysis (ACA) is a hybrid, computer-administered conjoint method that builds each respondent's part-worth utilities by combining a self-explicated priors stage with a sequence of adaptively chosen paired-comparison trade-offs. Developed by Richard Johnson at Sawtooth Software in the mid-1980s, ACA wa

2 sources1987

survey methodology

Adaptive Maximum Variation Sampling

Adaptive maximum variation sampling is a purposive qualitative sampling strategy that combines the logic of maximum variation sampling — deliberately selecting cases that differ as widely as possible on key dimensions — with an adaptive, iterative recruitment process. Rather than fixing the full sample in advance, the

2 sources1990

survey methodology

Adaptive Multistage Sampling

Adaptive multistage sampling combines the hierarchical efficiency of multistage designs with adaptive decision rules that adjust which units are sampled at later stages based on what is observed at earlier stages. It is used when a target characteristic is rare, clustered, or spatially heterogeneous and a fixed design

2 sources1977

survey methodology

Adaptive Purposive Sampling

Adaptive purposive sampling is a qualitative strategy in which the researcher begins with explicitly stated, theory-driven selection criteria and then deliberately revises those criteria as data collection proceeds and new understanding emerges. Unlike fixed purposive sampling — where criteria are locked in before fiel

2 sources1980

survey methodology

Adaptive Quota Sampling

Adaptive quota sampling is a non-probability sampling approach that starts with predefined demographic or characteristic-based quotas and then adjusts those quotas during data collection in response to emerging response patterns, nonresponse trends, or representativeness concerns. By treating the sampling process as it

2 sources2000

survey methodology

Adaptive Sampling

Adaptive Cluster Sampling (ACS) is a probability-based survey design introduced by Steven K. Thompson in 1990 for estimating the abundance or total of rare, clustered populations. Starting from an initial random sample, the design adaptively adds neighboring units whenever a sampled unit satisfies a predefined conditio

1 source1990

survey methodology

Adaptive Simple Random Sampling

Adaptive simple random sampling (ASRS) begins with a conventional simple random sample and then expands the sample in regions where the variable of interest exceeds a pre-specified threshold. Units neighboring a qualifying observation are added to the sample, allowing the design to concentrate effort where the populati

2 sources1990

survey methodology

Adaptive Snowball Sampling

Adaptive snowball sampling is a hybrid sampling strategy that recruits initial participants (seeds) from a target population and then dynamically adjusts referral chains based on pre-specified criteria — such as population density, diversity, or theoretical saturation. Combining the chain-referral logic of snowball sam

2 sources1990

survey methodology

Adaptive Stratified Sampling

Adaptive stratified sampling divides the population into strata and then applies an adaptive rule within each stratum: whenever an initially selected unit satisfies a pre-specified condition (e.g., a rare species is found, a variable exceeds a threshold), neighboring or related units are added to the sample. This combi

2 sources1990

clinical research

Adaptive Trial Design

An adaptive trial design allows pre-specified modifications to the trial based on interim data—such as sample size re-estimation, stopping for futility or efficacy, dropping ineffective arms, or shifting randomization ratios toward better-performing treatments. Developed systematically in the 1990s–2000s by statisticia

3 sources1990

survey methodology

Adaptive Weighted Sampling

Adaptive weighted sampling is a probabilistic sampling procedure that assigns and iteratively updates inclusion weights for population units based on observed data collected during the sampling process itself. Unlike static weighted sampling — where weights are fixed before data collection from known auxiliary informat

2 sources1990

neuropsychology

Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination

The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) is a brief yet comprehensive clinician-administered cognitive battery designed to assess multiple cognitive domains and differentiate between types of dementia. Originally developed by Mathuranath and colleagues at Cambridge University in 2000, the ACE was created to addres

3 sources2000

psychiatry

Addiction Severity Index

The ASI is a multidimensional, clinician-administered semi-structured interview assessing severity of substance use disorder and related psychosocial problems across seven domains: medical, employment, drug use, alcohol use, legal, family/social, and psychiatric. Developed by McLellan and colleagues in 1980 and refined

3 sources1980

endocrinology

AddiQoL

AddiQoL is a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire developed to assess the burden of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency, encompassing physical, emotional, and social domains relevant to patients on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy. Developed by Evers and Tiemensma in 2012, it i

2 sources2012

clinical psychology

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale

The ASRS-v1.1 is an 18-item self-report screening scale for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2005 under World Health Organization auspices. A brief 6-item version provides rapid initial screening. The scale has become standard first-step screening in primary car

1 source2005

positive psychology

Adult Dispositional Hope Scale

The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, developed by C. Rick Snyder in 1991, is a 12-item measure assessing hope as a cognitive motivational system composed of two independent dimensions: Agency (the motivation and determination to pursue goals) and Pathways (the ability to generate routes to achieve those goals). Grounded

1 source1991

trauma psychology

Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire

The ACE Questionnaire is a 10-item instrument assessing exposure to adverse experiences during childhood, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Originally developed by Felitti and colleagues at Kaiser Permanente in 1998 as part of the landmark Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, the ACE Score quantifies

2 sources1998

marketing

Advertising Effectiveness Study

Advertising Effectiveness Studies are research methods designed to measure the impact of advertising campaigns on consumer awareness, attitudes, purchase intention, and sales. Developed through work in marketing science and media measurement, these studies employ experimental designs, multivariate analysis, and attribu

3 sources1990

social psychology

Affect Misattribution Procedure

The Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), introduced by Payne, Cheng, Govorun, and Stewart in 2005, is an implicit measure of attitudes built on a simple cognitive error: people misattribute the feeling evoked by one stimulus to another. On each trial a brief affective prime (such as a Black or White face, or a positi

2 sources2005

clinical psychology

Affective Lability Scale

The ALS is a 54-item self-report measure of affective lability—rapid, unpredictable shifts in mood and anxiety states. Developed by Harvey, Greenberg, and Serper in 1989, it distinguishes normal emotional responsiveness from pathological mood instability. Affective lability is recognized as feature of bipolar disorder,

1 source1989

political psychology

Affective Polarization Measurement

Affective polarization measurement quantifies the gap between how positively people feel toward their own political party (the in-party) and how negatively they feel toward the opposing party (the out-party). Iyengar, Sood and Lelkes (2012) showed that this affective divide has grown sharply even where issue positions

2 sources2012

social psychology

Affective Priming Task

The affective priming task, developed by Hermans, De Houwer, and Eelen in 1994, demonstrates that stimulus evaluation is automatic and goal-independent. Like evaluative priming it pairs a valenced prime with a valenced target, but instead of asking participants to judge the target's valence it asks them simply to prono

2 sources1994

developmental assessment

Ages and Stages Questionnaire

The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3), third edition, developed by Jane Squires and Diane Bricker in 2009, is a parent-completed developmental screening tool designed to identify children aged 1 month to 5.5 years at risk for developmental delay. It is brief, economical, and well-suited for population screening in

2 sources2009

endocrinology

AGHDA

The AGHDA is a 25-item disease-specific quality of life questionnaire designed to assess the burden of adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Developed by Hunt, Werther, and colleagues in 2000, it evaluates symptoms and functional impairments directly related to GH deficiency, including fatigue, reduced muscle strength,

2 sources2000

anxiety disorders

Agoraphobia Cognitions Questionnaire

The Agoraphobia Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ) is a 14-item self-report instrument that assesses catastrophic and safety-related thoughts in individuals with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Developed by Chambless and colleagues in 1984, it measures two domains: fear of loss of control and worry about social consequence

1 source1984