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Khám phá khoa học theo phương pháp, lĩnh vực và bằng chứng.

Một danh mục duy nhất về các phương pháp nghiên cứu — tìm hiểu cách mỗi phương pháp hoạt động, khi nào nên dùng và điều nó không làm được.

6,435 phương pháp11 lĩnh vực7 họ phương pháp40 ngôn ngữ
Atlas khoa họcLập bản đồ cấu trúc của khoa học trước khi sử dụng.Lĩnh vực · phương pháp · lộ trình bằng chứngKhám phá bản đồ
Lĩnh vựcHealth & Medicine716Psychology570Business & Finance410Engineering330Life Sciences263Education261Research Practice248Natural Sciences
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Thư viện tham khảo về phương pháp nghiên cứu, đặt nội dung lên hàng đầu — mỗi phương pháp là gì, hoạt động ra sao và bắt nguồn từ đâu.

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Tham khảo

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Công ty

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Các mục từ được biên soạn từ những nguồn đã công bố nhằm mục đích tham khảo. Việc kiểm chứng tính chính xác và mức độ phù hợp của bất kỳ thông tin nào cho mục đích sử dụng của bạn vẫn thuộc trách nhiệm của bạn.

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236
Social Sciences185
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Phương phápThống kê1,836Trí tuệ nhân tạo & học máy1,661Khoa học quyết định932Phương pháp nghiên cứu1,354Đo lường1,745Nhân quả & bằng chứng532Thực hành nghiên cứu118
199 phương pháp trong Business & FinanceXóa
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Sắp xếpĐộ phổ biếnA–ZZ–AMới nhất
finance

Tail Risk Measures

Tail risk measures quantify the loss distribution beyond Value-at-Risk (VaR). Expected Shortfall — the expected loss given that VaR is exceeded — is the leading coherent risk measure, formalised by Artzner, Delbaen, Eber and Heath (1999) and shown to be coherent by Acerbi and Tasche (2002). Spectral and expectile-based

2 nguồn1999
healthcare management

TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire

The TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire (T-TPQ) is a 35-item self-report instrument designed to measure team members' perceptions of teamwork and communication in clinical units. Developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Department of Defense, the T-TPQ was created specifically to ev

3 nguồn2008
quality management

Theory of Constraints

The Theory of Constraints (TOC) is a management philosophy and continuous improvement framework introduced by Eliyahu Goldratt in his 1984 novel The Goal and formalized in his 1990 book. TOC holds that every system has at least one constraint — a bottleneck that limits the system's overall throughput — and that systema

1 nguồn1990
operations management

Total Productive Maintenance

Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is a comprehensive maintenance management approach developed by Seiichi Nakajima in the late 1980s that emphasizes employee involvement, preventive maintenance, and continuous improvement to maximize equipment effectiveness. Unlike traditional reactive maintenance, TPM integrates main

2 nguồn1988
tourism management

Tourist Loyalty Scale

The Tourist Loyalty Scale (TLS) measures the extent to which visitors intend to return to a destination and recommend it to others, reflecting behavioral commitment and preference relative to competing destinations. Developed by Oppermann (2000) and refined across multiple tourism contexts, the TLS captures the ultimat

4 nguồn2000
organizational behavior

Toxic Leadership Scale

The Toxic Leadership Scale (TLS) is a 16-item instrument measuring destructive leadership behaviors including abusive supervision, narcissism, and authoritarian control. Developed by Einarsen, Aasland, and Skogstad in 2007, the TLS identifies harmful leadership behaviors that undermine organizational effectiveness and

2 nguồn2007
organizational behavior

Transformational Leadership Scale

The Transformational Leadership Scale (TLS), operationalized in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), was developed by Bass and Avolio (1985, 1991) to measure leadership styles across a continuum from transactional to transformational. Transformational leadership comprises four dimensions: idealized influence

2 nguồn1985
economics

Travel Cost Method

The Travel Cost Method (TCM), developed by Harold Hotelling in 1949 and formalized by Marion Clawson and Jack Knetsch in the 1960s, is an econometric approach for valuing recreational sites and environmental amenities by inferring value from the travel costs (transportation, time, entry fees) that people incur to visit

3 nguồn1949
tourism management

Travel Motivation Scale

The Travel Motivation Scale (TMS) measures the underlying reasons and psychological drivers that prompt individuals to take vacations and choose specific destinations. Developed by Crompton (1979) and Iso-Ahola (1982), and theoretically grounded in push–pull motivation theory, the TMS operationalizes intrinsic motivati

4 nguồn1979
finance

Value at Risk

Value at Risk is a financial risk measure that estimates the maximum loss a position or portfolio could suffer over a fixed holding period at a given confidence level. It is the standard benchmark in risk management and regulatory capital calculations, developed in the textbook tradition of Jorion (2007) and the Basel

2 nguồn2007
quality management

Value Stream Mapping

Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a lean management technique used to visualize, analyze, and improve the flow of materials and information required to bring a product or service from raw input to customer delivery. Introduced by Mike Rother and John Shook in their 1999 workbook Learning to See, VSM draws on the Toyota Pro

1 nguồn1999
marketing

Van Westendorp Price Sensitivity Meter

The Van Westendorp Price Sensitivity Meter is a market research method developed by Peter van Westendorp in 1993 for assessing consumer price perception and estimating willingness-to-pay ranges without directly asking customers their maximum price. The method uses four simple questions about price acceptability, yieldi

3 nguồn1993
finance

VaR Backtesting

VaR backtesting is a family of statistical tests that validate a risk model by comparing its Value-at-Risk forecasts against realised losses. It builds on Kupiec's (1995) unconditional coverage test, Christoffersen's (1998) conditional coverage test, and the Engle-Manganelli Dynamic Quantile (DQ) test.

2 nguồn1998
operations management

Vendor-Managed Inventory

Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) is a supply chain arrangement in which the supplier (vendor) has visibility into the customer's inventory levels and assumes responsibility for replenishing inventory to pre-agreed levels. Rather than customers placing orders based on internal forecasts, the supplier monitors actual consu

2 nguồn2006
finance

Wavelet Financial Analysis

Wavelet financial analysis decomposes a financial time series into different frequency bands (time scales) so short- and long-term relationships can be studied at the same time. Drawing on the treatments of Gençay, Selçuk and Whitcher (2001) and Aguiar-Conraria and Soares (2014), wavelet coherence then visualises how t

2 nguồn2001
health economics

Willingness to Pay in Health

Willingness to pay (WTP) is an economic valuation method that elicits what individuals or society are willing to spend for a health benefit or to avoid a health risk. Rooted in contingent valuation (Carson & Louviere, 1980s), WTP is used to monetize health outcomes for cost-benefit analysis and to infer implicit cost-e

3 nguồn1980
marketing

Willingness-to-Pay Estimation

Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) estimation encompasses methods for quantifying the maximum price consumers are willing to pay for a product, service, or feature. Developed through advances in marketing research and behavioral economics, WTP estimation helps organizations set optimal prices, allocate marketing budgets, value p

3 nguồn1998
organizational behavior

Work Ability Index

The Work Ability Index (WAI), developed by Tuomi and colleagues at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in 1998, is a validated self-assessment instrument measuring the ability to perform work. The WAI comprises seven dimensions: current work ability compared to lifetime best, work ability relative to job deman

2 nguồn1998
organizational behavior

Work-Life Balance Scale

The Work-Life Balance Scale (WLBS) is an 18-item instrument measuring the degree of conflict and enrichment between work and non-work life domains. Developed by Carlson, Kacmar, and Williams in 2000, the WLBS assesses three dimensions of work-family conflict (time-based, strain-based, behavior-based) and their inverse

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