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手法統計学1,836人工知能・機械学習1,661意思決定科学932研究方法1,354測定1,745因果とエビデンス532研究実践118
814 件の手法 · 研究方法クリア
フィルターに一致する実在の手法。
並べ替え人気順A–ZZ–A新着順
media studies

Discourse Analysis in Media

Discourse Analysis in Media is a method for examining how media texts use language, images, and communication patterns to construct meanings, shape identities, and perpetuate or challenge power relations. Developed from linguistic analysis and critical theory—particularly Michel Foucault's concept of discourse as a sys

4件の出典1978
field methods

Document-based Curriculum Analysis

Document-based curriculum analysis is a qualitative research method that systematically examines written curriculum artifacts — textbooks, syllabi, national standards, policy documents, scope-and-sequence guides, and lesson frameworks — to reveal intended learning goals, ideological assumptions, gaps, and alignment bet

2件の出典1950
field methods

Document-based Program Evaluation

Document-based program evaluation is a systematic approach to assessing a program's design, implementation, and outcomes using existing documentary evidence — such as policy statements, implementation reports, budgets, meeting minutes, and program artifacts — rather than primary data collection through interviews or ob

2件の出典1960
experimental design

Dose-Escalation Design

Dose-Escalation Design, formalized as the Continual Reassessment Method (CRM), is a Bayesian adaptive algorithm for identifying the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) in Phase I clinical trials. Introduced by John O'Quigley, Margaret Pepe, and Lloyd Fisher in 1990, CRM treats dose-toxicity response as a parametric curve, upd

1件の出典1990
experimental design

Dose-Response Design

Dose-response design is a framework for planning and analysing experiments that characterise the relationship between the amount of a stimulus — such as a drug dose or a chemical concentration — and the magnitude of a biological or physiological response. Formalised in regulatory guidance by the ICH E4 guideline (1994)

2件の出典1994
experimental design

Double-blind AB design

The double-blind AB design is a single-subject experimental approach that sequences a baseline phase (A) and an intervention phase (B) while concealing phase allocation from both the participant and the outcome assessor. It merges the idiographic focus of single-case methodology with the bias-control mechanism of doubl

2件の出典1960
experimental design

Double-blind adaptive experiment

A double-blind adaptive experiment combines two powerful design features: double-blinding, which conceals treatment assignment from both participants and outcome assessors to prevent bias, and adaptive modification, which allows pre-specified changes to the trial's course — such as sample size re-estimation, allocation

2件の出典1970
experimental design

Double-blind Control Group Experimental Design

A double-blind control group experimental design is a rigorous experimental structure in which participants are randomly assigned to at least one treatment group and one control group, while both the participants and the researchers collecting or assessing outcomes are kept unaware of group assignment. By combining all

2件の出典1930
experimental design

Double-blind field experiment

A double-blind field experiment combines the high external validity of a real-world field setting with double-blind masking, in which neither the participants nor the personnel delivering the treatment know who has been assigned to the treatment or control condition. This design controls simultaneously for participant

2件の出典1960
experimental design

Double-blind fractional factorial experiment

A double-blind fractional factorial experiment combines two powerful methodological protections: fractional factorial design, which tests a carefully chosen subset of all possible factor combinations to achieve efficiency, and double-blind administration, which prevents both participants and assessors from knowing whic

2件の出典1960
experimental design

Double-blind Full Factorial Experiment

A double-blind full factorial experiment crosses every level of every independent variable to create all possible treatment combinations, while ensuring that neither participants nor outcome assessors know which condition each participant has been assigned to. This design simultaneously achieves comprehensive examinati

2件の出典1935
experimental design

Double-blind laboratory experiment

A double-blind laboratory experiment is a controlled experimental design conducted in a laboratory setting in which neither the participants nor the researchers directly administering the treatment know which condition each participant has been assigned to. This dual blinding, combined with the high degree of environme

2件の出典1950
experimental design

Double-blind Multiple Baseline Design

The double-blind multiple baseline design is a single-subject experimental design in which an intervention is introduced sequentially across two or more independent baselines — behaviors, individuals, or settings — while outcome assessors (and ideally participants) remain unaware of which baseline is currently in the i

2件の出典1968
experimental design

Double-blind pretest-posttest experimental design

The double-blind pretest-posttest experimental design is a true experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions, outcome data are collected both before and after the intervention, and neither participants nor outcome assessors know which condition each participant received. Co

2件の出典1960
experimental design

Double-blind single-subject experimental design

A double-blind single-subject experimental design applies systematic masking — concealing treatment assignment from both the participant and the outcome assessor — within a within-person repeated-measures framework. It is used when researchers need strong causal inference about an intervention's effect on a single indi

2件の出典1970
experimental design

Double-blind Solomon four-group design

The double-blind Solomon four-group design combines Richard Solomon's classic four-group structure — which isolates pretest sensitization effects — with double-blind blinding, ensuring that neither participants nor outcome assessors know group assignments. This combination yields high internal validity by controlling s

2件の出典1949
field methods

Educational Action Research

Educational action research is a cyclical, practitioner-led inquiry method in which educators systematically investigate a problem or opportunity in their own classroom or school, implement a change, observe its effects, and reflect on findings to guide the next cycle. Rooted in Kurt Lewin's action research framework a

2件の出典1940
qualitative

Embedded Case Study

An embedded case study is a case study design in which one or more units of analysis are nested within a single overarching case. Rather than treating the case as a single, holistic entity, the researcher deliberately examines multiple sub-units — such as departments within an organisation, classrooms within a school,

2件の出典1984
research design

Embedded Case-Focused Mixed Methods

Embedded case-focused mixed methods design combines a case-study unit of analysis with an embedded mixed methods structure, nesting one smaller data strand — typically qualitative — within a dominant primary strand — typically quantitative — all organized around one or more bounded cases. This design enables researcher

2件の出典2000
research design

Embedded Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods

The embedded explanatory sequential mixed methods design combines two structural logics: the explanatory sequential framework (a dominant quantitative phase followed by a qualitative follow-up) and the embedded design principle (one method nested within the other to serve a supporting role). Quantitative data are colle

2件の出典2007
research design

Embedded Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods

An embedded exploratory sequential mixed methods design opens with a qualitative phase that explores an understudied phenomenon, then embeds a secondary quantitative strand within or alongside that primary qualitative work. The qualitative findings guide what is measured quantitatively, while the embedded quantitative

2件の出典2000
research design

Embedded Intervention Mixed Methods

Embedded intervention mixed methods is a research design in which a qualitative strand is nested within a primary quantitative intervention (experimental or quasi-experimental) study. The quantitative component tests whether an intervention works; the embedded qualitative component illuminates how and why it works — or

2件の出典2000
research design

Embedded mixed methods meta-inference

Embedded mixed methods meta-inference is the process of drawing a single, overarching conclusion by integrating the inferences from a dominant (primary) strand and an embedded (secondary) strand within an embedded mixed methods design. The embedded strand — typically qualitative nested inside a quantitative study, or v

2件の出典2003
research design

Embedded Multiphase Mixed Methods

Embedded multiphase mixed methods is a research design in which a secondary data strand (qualitative or quantitative) is nested within a primary, dominant strand across two or more sequential study phases. Each phase builds on the prior one, while the embedded strand enhances understanding of specific sub-questions tha

2件の出典2000
research design

Embedded Pragmatic Mixed Methods

Embedded pragmatic mixed methods is a mixed methods design in which one data strand (typically qualitative) is nested within a larger, dominant strand (typically quantitative), and the entire study is guided by a pragmatist philosophical stance — selecting methods for what works best to answer the research question rat

2件の出典2000
research design

Embedded Qualitative-Priority Mixed Design

The embedded qualitative-priority mixed design nests a secondary quantitative strand within a dominant qualitative inquiry. The qualitative strand drives the research logic, framing the questions, guiding data collection, and anchoring interpretation, while the quantitative component plays a supporting role — typically

2件の出典2007
research design

Embedded Quantitative-Priority Mixed Design

The embedded quantitative-priority mixed design is a mixed methods research structure in which a dominant quantitative study (survey, experiment, or longitudinal assessment) provides the primary basis for conclusions, while a qualitative component is embedded within that quantitative framework to address a question the

2件の出典2003
research design

Embedded Transformative Mixed Methods

Embedded transformative mixed methods is a research design that nests one type of data (quantitative or qualitative) inside a dominant dataset of the other type, with both strands guided by an overarching transformative framework — such as feminist, disability rights, or social justice theory. The design serves researc

2件の出典2003
research design

Equal-weight case-focused mixed methods

Equal-weight case-focused mixed methods is a research design that investigates a bounded case — a person, program, organization, or event — using qualitative and quantitative strands that are treated as equally important. Neither strand is subordinate; both contribute with the same priority to the final interpretation

2件の出典2000
research design

Equal-weight concurrent embedded mixed methods design

The equal-weight concurrent embedded mixed methods design collects quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously, with one strand nested inside the other, while assigning both strands equivalent analytic priority. Unlike the standard embedded design where one dominant strand drives the study and the other plays a su

2件の出典2007
research design

Equal-weight concurrent triangulation mixed methods design

The equal-weight concurrent triangulation mixed methods design collects quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously, assigning equal priority to both strands, then compares or merges the results to examine convergence, divergence, or complementarity. No single strand dominates: neither the numeric nor the textual

2件の出典2003
research design

Equal-weight explanatory sequential mixed methods design

The equal-weight explanatory sequential mixed methods design collects and analyzes quantitative data first, then uses qualitative data to explain or elaborate on the quantitative findings, assigning equal analytic priority to both strands. Unlike the standard explanatory sequential design — where quantitative data typi

2件の出典1991
research design

Equal-weight exploratory sequential mixed methods design

The equal-weight exploratory sequential mixed methods design is a two-phase research strategy in which an initial qualitative strand explores a phenomenon in depth, and its findings directly inform the construction of a subsequent quantitative strand. Unlike the qualitative-priority variant, both strands carry equal an

2件の出典2003
research design

Equal-weight intervention mixed methods

Equal-weight intervention mixed methods is a research design in which both quantitative and qualitative strands are assigned equal priority and are embedded within or alongside an intervention, program, or experiment. The design evaluates not only whether an intervention works (QUAN outcomes) but also how and why it wo

2件の出典2000
research design

Equal-weight multiphase mixed methods design

Equal-weight multiphase mixed methods design is a rigorous research framework in which quantitative and qualitative strands are assigned equal priority and implemented across three or more sequential or iterative phases. Each phase informs the next, and neither strand is treated as subordinate. The design is especially

2件の出典2003
research design

Equal-weight pragmatic mixed methods

Equal-weight pragmatic mixed methods is a research design in which quantitative and qualitative strands are assigned the same methodological priority (QUAL = QUAN) and conducted from a pragmatist philosophical stance. Rather than privileging one paradigm, the researcher selects and combines methods that best answer the

2件の出典2000
research design

Equal-weight transformative mixed methods design

The equal-weight transformative mixed methods design combines quantitative and qualitative strands at equal priority (QUAN + QUAL) within an overarching transformative theoretical framework — such as feminist, critical race, disability rights, or social justice theory. Both data types carry equivalent evidential weight

2件の出典2003
experimental design

Equivalence / Non-Inferiority Trial

An equivalence or non-inferiority trial is a clinical study design that tests whether a new intervention is clinically equivalent to, or no worse than, an established standard by a pre-specified margin. Codified in Schuirmann's 1987 Two One-Sided Tests (TOST) framework and embedded in EMA and FDA regulatory guidance, t

2件の出典1987
qualitative research

Ethnographic Research

Ethnographic research is an immersive qualitative methodology in which researchers spend prolonged time in a community, organization, or social setting, combining participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to develop a rich, contextual understanding of a group's beliefs, practices, and social structures

3件の出典1920
qualitative

Ethnography

Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consoli

1件の出典1922
research design

Evaluation-focused case-focused mixed methods

Evaluation-focused case-focused mixed methods integrates an explicit program evaluation framework with in-depth case study inquiry, combining qualitative and quantitative data within a bounded unit — a program, site, or organization — to render both descriptive understanding and evaluative judgments about merit, worth,

2件の出典2000
research design

Evaluation-focused concurrent embedded mixed methods

Evaluation-focused concurrent embedded mixed methods is a research design in which both quantitative and qualitative data are collected simultaneously within a program evaluation context, with one strand nested inside and playing a supporting role to the dominant strand. The design produces outcome evidence alongside e

2件の出典1989
research design

Evaluation-focused Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods

Evaluation-focused explanatory sequential mixed methods is a two-phase research design in which a quantitative evaluation phase — typically measuring program outcomes, treatment effects, or performance indicators — is conducted first and then followed by a qualitative phase specifically designed to explain, contextuali

2件の出典2003
research design

Evaluation-focused exploratory sequential mixed methods

The evaluation-focused exploratory sequential mixed methods design combines program evaluation goals with a two-phase sequential structure: qualitative inquiry precedes and informs a quantitative phase. Phase 1 explores stakeholder experiences or program processes through interviews or focus groups; the findings build

2件の出典2000
research design

Evaluation-focused Intervention Mixed Methods

Evaluation-focused intervention mixed methods is a research design that embeds both quantitative and qualitative strands within an intervention or program evaluation study. It combines outcome measurement — typically from a randomized or quasi-experimental trial — with qualitative investigation of how and why the inter

2件の出典2000
field methods

Evaluation-focused legal content analysis

Evaluation-focused legal content analysis is a systematic method for examining legal texts — statutes, regulations, court decisions, contracts, or policy documents — with an explicit evaluative purpose: to assess whether and how well legal instruments achieve specified goals, standards, or values. It combines the struc

2件の出典1990
research design

Evaluation-Focused Multiphase Mixed Methods

The evaluation-focused multiphase mixed methods design applies the multiphase mixed methods framework explicitly to program evaluation contexts, orchestrating three or more sequential or iterative phases — each drawing on quantitative measures, qualitative inquiry, or both — to assess a program, policy, or intervention

2件の出典2007
research design

Evaluation-oriented mixed methods matrix

The evaluation-oriented mixed methods matrix is a structured planning and display tool applied within program evaluation contexts. It maps evaluation questions against data sources, timing, and method types — quantitative and qualitative — in a grid format, making the integration logic explicit and auditable. Rooted in

2件の出典2000
research design

Evaluation-oriented mixed methods meta-inference

Evaluation-oriented mixed methods meta-inference is a rigorous concluding process in program evaluation research in which the researcher integrates inferences drawn from both quantitative and qualitative strands of a mixed methods study into a single, coherent, higher-order conclusion. This meta-inference is explicitly

2件の出典2000
research design

Evaluation-oriented Pragmatic Mixed Methods

Evaluation-oriented pragmatic mixed methods is a research design that combines quantitative and qualitative data collection within a pragmatist philosophical stance, expressly to evaluate programs, policies, or interventions. Rather than adhering rigidly to a single paradigm, it selects methods for their fitness to ans

2件の出典1990
research design

Evaluation-oriented qualitative-priority mixed methods design

An evaluation-oriented qualitative-priority mixed methods design places qualitative data collection and analysis at the center of a program or policy evaluation, while selectively incorporating quantitative data to corroborate, contextualize, or extend qualitative findings. The design is guided by an evaluative purpose

2件の出典1989
research design

Evaluation-oriented quantitative-priority mixed methods design

An evaluation-oriented quantitative-priority mixed methods design applies mixed methods inquiry within an evaluation context, where the primary purpose is judging a program, policy, or intervention. Quantitative data carry the greater evidential weight — measuring outcomes, effectiveness, and reach — while qualitative

2件の出典2003
research design

Ex Post Facto Design

Ex post facto design is a non-experimental quantitative research approach in which the researcher investigates a phenomenon after it has already occurred, examining pre-existing differences between groups to explore potential causal or associative relationships. Because the independent variable cannot be manipulated —

2件の出典1960
qualitative

Expert Interview

The expert interview is a qualitative method in which researchers conduct in-depth, semi-structured conversations with individuals who hold specialised knowledge, experience, or decision-making authority in a defined field. Unlike general population interviews that target subjective lived experience, expert interviews

2件の出典1970
research design

Explanatory Research

Explanatory research is a non-experimental quantitative research design that goes beyond describing a phenomenon to identifying why it occurs — examining the relationships or mechanisms that account for observed patterns. Rooted in positivist social science methodology, it uses theory-driven hypotheses and statistical

2件の出典1960
research design

Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design

The explanatory sequential mixed methods design is a two-phase research approach in which a quantitative study is conducted first, and qualitative data are then collected specifically to help explain or elaborate the initial quantitative results. The quantitative phase carries greater priority; the qualitative phase is

2件の出典2007
research design

Exploratory Quantitative Research

Exploratory quantitative research is a non-experimental design used when a phenomenon is insufficiently understood to support formal hypothesis testing. The researcher collects numerical data — typically through surveys, structured observation, or existing records — to describe distributions, detect patterns, and gener

2件の出典1950
research design

Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design

The exploratory sequential mixed methods design is a two-phase research framework in which a qualitative phase is conducted first to explore a poorly understood phenomenon, and the findings then inform a subsequent quantitative phase — typically to develop and test a survey instrument, measure a theory, or generalize q

2件の出典1990
experimental design

Factorial ABA Design

The Factorial ABA design embeds a factorial treatment structure within the ABA reversal framework. Rather than testing a single treatment against baseline, the researcher systematically varies two or more independent variables (factors) across treatment phases, using the ABA withdrawal logic to establish experimental c

2件の出典1968
experimental design

Factorial ABAB Design

The factorial ABAB design embeds a factorial structure within the classical ABAB reversal framework, enabling a single participant or a small set of participants to experience multiple factor combinations across alternating baseline (A) and treatment (B) phases. By systematically withdrawing and reinstating treatment c

2件の出典1960
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