Ujifunzaji na Mtazamo

Eneo hili linashughulikia saikolojia ya ujifunzaji na mtazamo inavyotumika kwa elimu — jinsi watu wanavyojifunza na jinsi ujifunzaji unavyoweza kukuzwa.

Scope

Uwanja huu unashughulikia nadharia za ujifunzaji (za kitabia, utambuzi, ujenzi wa maarifa, za kijamii), motisha, kumbukumbu na uhamishaji wa ujifunzaji, na mtazamo katika ujifunzaji.

Sub-topics

• Critical Thinking
• Intentional Learning
• Verbal Learning
• Negative Reinforcement
• Pictorial Stimuli
• Visual Literacy
• Time Perspective
• Learning Problems
• Audience Response
• Learning Motivation
• Learning Strategies
• Olfactory Perception
• Applied Behavior Analysis
• Positive Reinforcement
• Cognitive Style
• Learning Processes
• Arousal Patterns
• Attention
• Habituation
• Novelty (Stimulus Dimension)
• Stimulation
• Problem Solving
• Cognitive Psychology
• Fundamental Concepts
• Associative Learning
• Priming
• Serial Learning
• Patterned Responses
• Aural Learning
• Nonverbal Learning
• Symbolic Learning
• Visual Learning
• Attention Control
• Executive Function
• Cognitive Restructuring
• Cognitive Structures
• Social Cognition
• Learning Modalities
• Hearing (Physiology)
• Auditory Discrimination
• Auditory Perception
• Discrimination Learning
• Sensory Experience
• Stimuli
• Sensory Integration
• Multisensory Learning
• Learning Experience
• Theory of Mind
• Thinking Skills
• Conditioning
• Habit Formation
• Reflection
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Reinforcement
• Imitation
• World Views
• Kinesthetic Perception
• Vision
• Visual Acuity
• Time Factors (Learning)
• Ability Identification
• Prior Learning
• Selection
• Decision Making
• Information Seeking
• Epistemology
• Intuition
• Metacognition
• Schemata (Cognition)
• Constructivism (Learning)
• Cognitive Mapping
• Concept Mapping
• Conservation (Concept)
• Interference (Learning)
• Misconceptions
• Dimensional Preference
• Visual Perception
• Inferences
• Organizational Learning
• Game Based Learning
• Serial Ordering
• Convergent Thinking
• Auditory Stimuli
• Repetition
• Visualization
• Cues
• Memory
• Mnemonics
• Indigenous Knowledge
• Decision Making Skills
• Active Learning
• Learning
• Authentic Learning
• Discovery Learning
• Situated Learning
• Workplace Learning
• Depth Perception
• Tactual Perception
• Observational Learning
• Visual Discrimination
• Rote Learning
• Behavior Modification
• Social Emotional Learning
• Familiarity
• Review (Reexamination)
• Abstract Reasoning
• Eye Movements
• Planning
• Cognitive Processes
• Comprehension
• Concept Formation
• Formal Operations
• Transfer of Training
• Logical Thinking
• Incidental Learning
• Suggestopedia
• Naming
• Reference Groups
• Role Models
• Creative Thinking
• Intellectual Experience
• Discovery Processes
• Kinesthetic Methods
• Adult Learning
• Transformative Learning
• Sequential Learning
• Long Term Memory

Core questions

• Watu wanajifunzaje?
• Masharti gani yanakuza ujifunzaji na uhamishaji wake?
• Motisha inaathirije ujifunzaji?
• Mambo ya kitabia, utambuzi, na kijamii yanaunganikaje?

Key concepts

• Ujifunzaji wa kitabia (behavioural learning)
• Ujifunzaji wa kijamii (social learning)
• Kujitegemea kibinafsi (self-efficacy)
• Mzigo wa utambuzi (cognitive load)
• Uhamishaji wa ujifunzaji (transfer)
• Motisha

Key theories

Sheria za ujifunzaji (laws of learning)

Thorndike alianzisha sheria za kiempiriki za ujifunzaji (athari, mazoezi).

Ujifunzaji wa kijamii (social learning)

Bandura alionyesha ujifunzaji kupitia uchunguzi, uigaji, na kujitegemea kibinafsi (self-efficacy).

Mzigo wa utambuzi (cognitive load)

Sweller aliunganisha ujifunzaji wenye ufanisi na usimamizi wa vikwazo vya kumbukumbu ya kufanya kazi.

History

Nadharia ya ujifunzaji katika elimu ilihama kutoka tabia (Thorndike) kupitia nadharia ya utambuzi wa kijamii (Bandura) hadi maelezo ya utambuzi na ujenzi wa maarifa (Sweller), ikisaidia mazoezi ya ufundishaji.

Debates

Maelezo ya kitabia dhidi ya utambuzi ya ujifunzaji

Swali la kama ujifunzaji unaelezwa vyema zaidi na uimarishaji au na usindikaji wa taarifa na ujenzi wa maarifa.

Key figures

• Edward Thorndike
• Albert Bandura
• John Sweller

Seminal works

• thorndike-1903
• bandura-1977
• sweller-1988

Frequently asked questions

Kujitegemea kibinafsi (self-efficacy) ni nini?

Imani ya mtu katika uwezo wake wa kufanikisha kazi fulani (Bandura), inayoathiri sana ujifunzaji na motisha.