Explora la ciencia por método, campo y evidencia.

speech language pathology

Survey

A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instr

2 fuentes1940

Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire

The Swallowing Quality of Life (SWAL-QoL) Questionnaire is a comprehensive 44-item self-report measure of the psychosocial and functional impact of dysphagia across 11 quality-of-life domains, including eating burden, food selection, social participation, emotional impact, and fatigue. Developed by McHorney and colleag

3 fuentes2002

biomaterials

Swelling and Degradation

The swelling and degradation assay measures how biomaterial scaffolds absorb water (swelling) and lose mass over time due to degradation. Developed by Wichterle and Lim in 1960 for hydrogels, the assay is fundamental for characterizing hydrogels, synthetic polymers, and composite scaffolds intended for tissue engineeri

3 fuentes1960

chemistry

Synthesis Route Planning

Synthesis route planning, grounded in retrosynthetic analysis, is a strategic approach to designing efficient chemical syntheses. Formalized by Elias James Corey in the 1960s (earning him the Nobel Prize in 1990), this methodology systematically deconstructs target molecules into simpler precursors and starting materia

2 fuentes1969

human computer interaction

System Usability Scale

The System Usability Scale (SUS) is a rapid, standardized 10-item questionnaire for measuring perceived system usability in a single summary score. Developed by John Brooke in 1986, SUS has become one of the most widely used post-use usability instruments in industry and research. The scale is administered after a user

2 fuentes1986

Systematic Sampling

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling technique in which every k-th element is selected from an ordered list of the population after a random starting point. With population size N and desired sample size n, the sampling interval k = N/n is computed and one unit is chosen at random from the first interval; all

2 fuentes1953

rheumatology

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index

The SLEDAI is a comprehensive clinician-assessed measure of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity, capturing manifestations across multiple organ systems (cutaneous, renal, neuropsychiatric, hematologic, and serological). Introduced by Bombardier et al. (1992) and refined as SLEDAI-2K by Gladman et al. (2

2 fuentes2002

neonatology

TABC

The TABC is a parent-completed questionnaire assessing infant and toddler temperament characteristics in children aged 3 months to 3 years. Developed by Fullard, McDevitt, and Carey (1984), it measures nine temperament dimensions derived from the New York Longitudinal Study of Thomas and Chess: activity level, rhythmic

2 fuentes1984

pharmacology

Tablet Questionnaire for Medication Adherence

The Tablet Questionnaire is a brief, simple self-report tool designed to assess medication non-adherence through direct questions about dose-skipping behavior and reasons for non-adherence. Developed by Adeniji and Brown in 2012, it prioritizes simplicity and cultural accessibility, making it particularly valuable in l

1 fuente2012

TAM2 Questionnaire

The Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM2) was developed by Davis and Venkatesh in 2000 and published in Management Science. TAM2 extends the original TAM by incorporating social influence factors and job relevance moderators that explain how users form perceived usefulness beliefs. TAM2 is grounded in longitudinal field

pharmacology

Target-Mediated Drug Disposition

Target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) is a mechanistic framework describing nonlinear pharmacokinetics arising from drug binding to a target receptor or protein. Developed by Mager and Jusko in 2001, TMDD explains saturable clearance, dose-dependent half-lives, and time-dependent changes in plasma concentrations obse

2 fuentes2001

sport psychology

Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire

The TEOSQ is a 13-item questionnaire measuring achievement goal orientation in sport: the underlying reasons athletes define success and pursue achievement. Developed by Duda and Nicholls in 1992, the TEOSQ has become a cornerstone instrument for understanding athlete motivation, resilience, and response to failure.

educational psychology

Teaching Effectiveness Scale

The Teaching Effectiveness Scale (TES) is a validated instrument designed to measure students' perceptions of instructor effectiveness across multiple dimensions. The most widely known version, the Student Evaluation of Educational Quality (SEEQ), developed by Marsh (1982), assesses nine dimensions of teaching includin

2 fuentes1982

human factors

Team Situation Awareness Scale

The Team Situation Awareness Scale (TSAS) extends individual situational awareness measurement to the team level, assessing how well team members collectively perceive the task environment, understand shared information, and coordinate their actions. Developed by Endsley, Salas, and collaborators in the 1990s–2000s, th

social media psychology

Technoference Scale

The Technoference Scale measures the degree to which smartphone and technology use interferes with interpersonal relationships, particularly in romantic partnerships, families, and close relationships. Developed by McDaniel and Coyne in the mid-2010s, this construct captures a modern phenomenon where digital devices cr

1 fuente2016

Technology Acceptance Model Questionnaire

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a foundational framework introduced by Fred Davis in 1989 to explain user adoption of information technology. Published in MIS Quarterly, TAM posits that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are the primary determinants of technology acceptance, regardless of an indivi

2 fuentes1989

Technology Readiness Index

The Technology Readiness Index (TRI) was developed by Ajay Parasuraman in 2000 to measure individual propensity to adopt and use new technologies. The TRI assesses a person's personal attitudes toward technology across four dimensions: optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity. Updated in 2015 with a streaml

Technostress Scale

The Technostress Scale, developed by Tarafdar, Tu, Ragu-Nathan, and colleagues (2007), measures the stress and negative emotions experienced by employees due to information technology use in the workplace. The scale captures five dimensions of technostress: techno-overload (excessive workload from technology demands),

2 fuentes2007

endocrinology

TED-QoL

The TED-QoL (also known as GO-QoL, Graves' Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life questionnaire) is a 16-item disease-specific instrument assessing quality of life impacts in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED), the ophthalmologic manifestation of Graves' disease. Developed by Terwee, Gerding, and colleagues in 2001, it ca

2 fuentes2001

Telephone-assisted Delphi Technique

The telephone-assisted Delphi Technique applies the classic iterative expert-consensus framework through structured telephone interviews rather than mailed or online questionnaires. Experts participate in sequential rounds of data collection by phone, enabling the researcher to clarify ambiguous responses in real time

2 fuentes1963

Telephone-assisted Field Notes

Telephone-assisted field notes is a data collection technique in which a field researcher verbally dictates observational notes via telephone — either to a live transcriptionist, an answering service, or a voicemail/recording system — immediately after or during a field encounter. It preserves the immediacy and richnes

Telephone-assisted Focus Group

A telephone-assisted focus group is a qualitative data collection technique in which a moderator facilitates a structured group discussion among multiple participants connected simultaneously via a telephone conference bridge or audio platform. It preserves the core interactive dynamics of traditional focus groups — gr

Telephone-assisted In-depth Interview

A telephone-assisted in-depth interview is a qualitative data collection method in which a researcher conducts a lengthy, open-ended, exploratory conversation with a participant via telephone. It preserves the depth and flexibility of face-to-face in-depth interviewing while overcoming geographic and mobility barriers,

Telephone-assisted Research Diary

The telephone-assisted research diary combines the longitudinal depth of diary methods with structured telephone prompting. Participants are contacted by researchers at scheduled intervals — daily, weekly, or event-contingent — and guided to reflect on and record recent experiences, behaviours, or feelings. The telepho

Telephone-assisted Semi-structured Interview

A telephone-assisted semi-structured interview is a qualitative data collection technique in which a researcher conducts a guided conversation with a participant over the telephone, using a pre-designed topic guide that balances predetermined questions with freedom to probe and explore. It combines the flexibility of s

2 fuentes1970

Telephone-assisted Sensor Data Collection

Telephone-assisted sensor data collection uses participants' mobile phones as sensing platforms to gather continuous or triggered streams of physical and behavioral data — such as movement, location, and ambient sound — without requiring them to attend a lab. A research application installed on the phone captures senso

Telephone-assisted Survey

A telephone-assisted survey is a structured data-collection method in which a trained interviewer administers a standardised questionnaire to respondents over the telephone, often supported by Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) software. It combines the efficiency of remote administration with the response

2 fuentes1970

food science

Temporal Dominance of Sensations

Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) is a time-dynamic sensory evaluation method developed by Pineau and colleagues in 2009 that tracks which sensory attribute is perceived as dominant at each moment during the consumption of a food product. Unlike static descriptive methods, TDS captures the dynamic evolution of fla

2 fuentes2009

dentistry

Temporomandibular Joint Analysis

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) analysis is a systematic clinical assessment and imaging evaluation of the jaw joint, including the articular disc, condyle, and associated musculature. TMJ analysis evaluates joint function, detects dysfunction (TMD), and guides diagnosis and treatment planning for jaw pain, clicking, loc

3 fuentes1934

physical therapy

Ten-Meter Walk Test

The Ten-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) is a straightforward performance assessment measuring gait speed over a 10-meter distance. Used extensively in neurological rehabilitation, the 10MWT provides objective data on walking velocity, a key indicator of functional mobility, recovery after stroke, and response to intervention i

psychometrics

Test Equating

Test equating is a family of statistical methods that converts scores earned on one test form onto the score scale of another form, so that scores from different administrations or versions can be compared and reported on a common metric. The foundational modern treatment is Kolen and Brennan (2004/2014); Holland and D

2 fuentes1984

food science

Texture Profile Analysis

Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) is an objective, mechanical method that simulates mastication (chewing) to measure the textural properties of food products. Developed by Bourne in 1968, TPA uses a texture analyzer (a machine that applies defined forces and movements to a sample) to generate a force-time curve from which

2 fuentes1968

clinical psychology

TFEQ

The TFEQ is a self-report instrument measuring three distinct psychological dimensions of eating behaviour: cognitive restraint (conscious dieting efforts), disinhibition (loss of control over eating when triggered by stress or environmental cues), and hunger (subjective appetite and satiety responsiveness). Developed

3 fuentes1985

psychotherapy research

Therapeutic Alliance Scale

The Therapeutic Alliance Scale (THAS) is a clinician-rated measure of the quality of the therapeutic relationship and working alliance, developed by Raue, Goldfried, and Barkham. Distinct from client-rated measures like the Working Alliance Inventory, the THAS captures the therapist's perception of goal alignment, task

2 fuentes1997

integrative medicine

Therapeutic Touch Assessment Scale

The TTAS measures the application and outcomes of therapeutic touch (TT), an energy-based healing modality developed by Krieger and Kunz in which practitioners use intentional hand movements proximal to or in contact with the patient's body to promote relaxation, reduce pain, and facilitate healing. Used both as a comp

3 fuentes1979

psychotherapy research

Therapy Process Observational Coding System

The Therapy Process Observational Coding System (TPOCS) is a comprehensive observer-rated method for classifying and quantifying therapist and client utterances in psychotherapy sessions. Using Stiles's taxonomy of verbal response modes (e.g., Advisement, Reflection, Interpretation, Disclosure), the TPOCS enables detai

human computer interaction

chemistry

Thin-Layer Chromatography

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a planar chromatographic technique that separates compounds based on their differential affinities for a mobile and stationary phase. Developed by Egon Stahl in 1956, TLC remains one of the most accessible and widely used analytical methods in organic and inorganic chemistry, laborato

2 fuentes1956

Think-Aloud Protocol

The Think-Aloud Protocol is a usability testing method in which participants verbalize their thoughts while completing tasks on a system. As users navigate an interface, they continuously narrate their observations, interpretations, and reasoning, allowing researchers to understand their mental models, decision-making,

endocrinology

ThyPRO

ThyPRO is a comprehensive patient-reported outcome measure assessing the quality of life impact of thyroid disease and its treatment across 13 dimensions. Developed by Watt and colleagues in 2009, it is the most extensively validated thyroid-specific instrument, covering both physical and psychological domains relevant

2 fuentes2009

gerontology

TICS

The Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) is a telephone-administered cognitive screening instrument developed by Breitner and colleagues in the late 1980s and modified (TICS-m) to assess cognitive function in older adults via remote interview. Designed for epidemiological studies and clinical research where

3 fuentes1988

agronomy

Tillage Erosion Model

Tillage Erosion Model is a physical transport and modeling pipeline for predicting soil movement and redistribution caused by tillage operations on sloping land. Developed by soil scientists (Lindstrom, Nelson, Lobb) in the 1990s–2000s, this method quantifies how plowing, disking, and other soil-disturbing implements p

sports science

Time-Motion GPS

Time-motion analysis with GPS and micro-sensor technology quantifies the movement patterns, workload, and physical demands during training or match play in team sports. Pioneered by Osgnach and colleagues (2010), modern GPS units track athletes' positions in real-time, calculating distance covered, velocity profiles, a

3 fuentes2010

physical therapy

Timed Up and Go Test

The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is a simple, quick performance assessment that measures the time required to stand from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn around, and return to sitting. Developed by Podsiadlo and Richardson in 1991, the TUG has become one of the most widely used tests in geriatric and rehabilitation settings

2 fuentes1991

gerontology

Tinetti

The Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment (also known as the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment or POMA) is a performance-based evaluation tool developed by Mary E. Tinetti in 1986 to assess balance and gait abnormalities in older adults. The battery combines direct observation of balance maneuvers and walking patt

3 fuentes1986

addiction medicine

TMQ

The TMQ is a self-report instrument designed to measure motivation for substance abuse treatment and predict treatment engagement and outcomes. Developed by Simpson and colleagues in the context of the Drug Outcome Research Study (DORS), the TMQ assesses both intrinsic motivation (desire to address problems, commitment

dentistry

Tooth Mobility Assessment

Tooth mobility assessment is a clinical examination that evaluates the amount and direction of movement of a tooth when lateral force is applied. Increased tooth mobility indicates loss of periodontal support (bone loss), trauma from occlusion, or other pathology affecting tooth attachment. Systematic mobility grading

3 fuentes1950

clinical psychology

Toronto Alexithymia Scale

The TAS-20 is a 20-item self-report measure of alexithymia, the difficulty identifying and describing emotions. Developed by Bagby, Parker, and Taylor in 1994, it is the most widely used alexithymia measure in clinical and research practice. Alexithymia is recognized as a transdiagnostic feature across substance use, e

1 fuente1994

social psychology

Toronto Empathy Questionnaire

The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) is a 16-item self-report measure of empathic ability and emotional responsiveness to others' emotions. Developed by Randy Spreng and colleagues in 2009, the TEQ captures affective empathy—the capacity to feel and share another person's emotions—rather than cognitive perspective-t

3 fuentes2009

mindfulness psychology

Toronto Mindfulness Scale

The Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) is a 13-item self-report instrument uniquely designed to measure state mindfulness—the immediate, transient quality of mindful awareness during or immediately following a meditation session. Developed by Zindel V. Segal, Mark A. Lau, and colleagues at the University of Toronto and pu

1 fuente2006

tourism management

Tourist Loyalty Scale

The Tourist Loyalty Scale (TLS) measures the extent to which visitors intend to return to a destination and recommend it to others, reflecting behavioral commitment and preference relative to competing destinations. Developed by Oppermann (2000) and refined across multiple tourism contexts, the TLS captures the ultimat

4 fuentes2000

organizational behavior

Toxic Leadership Scale

The Toxic Leadership Scale (TLS) is a 16-item instrument measuring destructive leadership behaviors including abusive supervision, narcissism, and authoritarian control. Developed by Einarsen, Aasland, and Skogstad in 2007, the TLS identifies harmful leadership behaviors that undermine organizational effectiveness and

2 fuentes2007

neuroimaging

Tract-Based Spatial Statistics

Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) is a voxel-wise analysis method for detecting group differences in white matter microstructure from diffusion MRI data. Published by Stephen M. Smith and colleagues in 2006, TBSS addresses registration and multiple comparison problems inherent in voxel-wise analysis by projecting i

2 fuentes2006

neuropsychology

Trail Making Test

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a simple, brief neuropsychological test developed by Reitan in 1958 that measures visuomotor processing speed, attention, and executive function. The TMT comprises two forms: Part A, which assesses basic processing speed and visual scanning, and Part B, which assesses executive function,

3 fuentes1958