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一个汇集研究方法的目录——了解每种方法如何运作、何时使用以及它做不到什么。

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方法统计学1,836人工智能与机器学习1,661决策科学932研究方法1,354测量1,745因果与证据532研究实践118
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experimental design

Crossover Fractional Factorial Experiment

A crossover fractional factorial experiment is a within-subject design in which each participant receives a strategically chosen subset of all possible factor-level combinations in a defined sequence, with washout periods between treatment periods. By combining the run-economy of fractional factorial designs with the w

2 个来源1950
experimental design

Crossover Full Factorial Experiment

A crossover full factorial experiment combines the efficiency of a crossover (within-subject) design with the comprehensiveness of a full factorial design. Every participant receives all combinations of the factor levels across successive treatment periods, separated by washout intervals, allowing complete estimation o

2 个来源1960
experimental design

Crossover Laboratory Experiment

A crossover laboratory experiment is a within-subjects experimental design conducted in a controlled lab environment in which each participant receives two or more treatments sequentially, serving as their own control. By eliminating between-person variability from the error term, it yields high statistical power with

2 个来源1980
experimental design

Crossover multi-arm experiment

A crossover multi-arm experiment is a within-subject experimental design in which each participant receives three or more treatments (arms) across successive periods, with random assignment to sequence. Because every participant experiences all arms, the design eliminates between-subject variability from treatment comp

2 个来源1970
experimental design

Crossover Multiple Baseline Design

The crossover multiple baseline design is a single-case experimental design (SCED) that layers crossover sequencing onto a multiple baseline structure. Across two or more tiers — participants, behaviors, or settings — baselines are staggered in time; then treatments are introduced and later reversed or alternated acros

2 个来源1968
experimental design

Crossover Natural Experiment

A crossover natural experiment exploits an externally imposed condition — a policy change, law, or environmental event — that exposes the same units (individuals, regions, firms) to both treatment and control states at different times. By observing each unit in multiple conditions, researchers use within-unit variation

2 个来源1990
experimental design

Crossover Pretest-Posttest Experimental Design

A crossover pretest-posttest experimental design is a within-subjects experiment in which each participant receives two or more treatments in a randomized sequence, with outcome measurements taken both before and after each treatment period. By serving as their own control across conditions, participants allow direct i

2 个来源1963
experimental design

Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial

A crossover randomized controlled trial (crossover RCT) is an experimental design in which each participant receives all study interventions in a randomized sequence, separated by a washout period. Because every participant serves as their own control, within-subject variability is eliminated from the treatment compari

2 个来源1960
experimental design

Crossover Single-Subject Experimental Design

The crossover single-subject experimental design (crossover SSED) applies two or more treatment conditions sequentially to the same individual, with a washout or return-to-baseline period between conditions. Because each participant serves as their own control, between-subject variability is eliminated, enabling precis

2 个来源1970
experimental design

Crossover Solomon Four-Group Design

The Crossover Solomon Four-Group Design merges two powerful experimental strategies: the Solomon four-group design's control for pretest sensitization and the crossover design's within-subjects efficiency. Participants are randomly assigned to one of four groups that vary in whether they receive a pretest and in the se

2 个来源1949
field methods

Curriculum Analysis

Curriculum analysis is a systematic research method for examining the content, structure, goals, and underlying assumptions of educational curricula — including written syllabi, textbooks, lesson plans, and policy documents. By mapping what is taught, how it is sequenced, and what values are embedded, researchers and e

2 个来源1949
research methodology

Data Collection Methods

Data collection methods are the specific techniques and instruments used to gather information from research participants or sources. Common quantitative methods include surveys (questionnaires, interviews), physiological measurements (blood pressure, lab assays), behavioral observations, and administrative/secondary d

3 个来源1980
qualitative

Delphi Method

The Delphi method is a structured, iterative survey technique developed by Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer at the RAND Corporation in 1963 for eliciting and converging expert opinion on complex topics where empirical data are unavailable or insufficient. It collects independent judgements from a geographically dispersed

1 个来源1963
political sociology

Democratic Values Scale

The Democratic Values Scale measures commitment to core principles of democratic governance including free speech, rule of law, fair elections, protection of minorities, and transparent institutions. Rather than measuring support for democracy as a system (which is nearly universal in principle), it captures depth of c

3 个来源1999
archaeology

Dental Microwear Texture Analysis

Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) is a method that reconstructs diet and dietary behavior from microscopic wear patterns on the surfaces of teeth. Pioneered by Mark Teaford in the 1980s, DMTA analyzes the three-dimensional texture of wear patterns produced as food is chewed. The method reflects short-term (last

3 个来源1988
qualitative

Descriptive Phenomenology

Descriptive Phenomenology, systematised by Amedeo Giorgi at Duquesne University, is a rigorous qualitative method for uncovering the general psychological structure of a lived experience. Drawing directly on Husserl's transcendental phenomenology, Giorgi's four-step procedure — epoché, whole reading, meaning-unit discr

2 个来源1970
research design

Descriptive Research

Descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents the characteristics, frequencies, or distributions of variables in a defined population at a given point in time. It answers 'what is' questions — who, what, when, where, and how much — without manipulating variables or drawing

2 个来源1960
experimental design

Design of experiments

Design of Experiments (DOE) is a systematic framework for planning, conducting, and analyzing controlled experiments to determine how multiple input factors simultaneously affect one or more responses. Introduced by Ronald A. Fisher in 1935, DOE allows researchers and engineers to identify causal relationships, quantif

2 个来源1935
research design

Design-based concurrent embedded mixed methods design

Design-based concurrent embedded mixed methods design merges the iterative intervention logic of Design-Based Research (DBR) with the concurrent embedded mixed methods structure, in which one data type (typically qualitative) is nested within a dominant dataset (typically quantitative) and both are collected simultaneo

2 个来源2000
research design

Design-based Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design

This design embeds an explanatory sequential mixed methods structure — quantitative data collection followed by qualitative follow-up — within iterative design-based research (DBR) cycles. The quantitative phase establishes what is happening with a designed intervention or learning environment; the qualitative follow-u

2 个来源2000
research design

Design-Based Intervention Mixed Methods

Design-based intervention mixed methods is a research design that embeds both quantitative and qualitative data collection within iterative intervention cycles drawn from design-based research (DBR). The approach systematically tests and refines a practical intervention — typically an educational program, curriculum, o

2 个来源2003
research design

Design-based Mixed Methods Matrix

The design-based mixed methods matrix is a systematic framework for selecting and structuring mixed methods research designs. It organises key design decisions — purpose, timing of data strands, point of integration, and weighting of quantitative versus qualitative components — into a coherent matrix that guides resear

2 个来源2003
research design

Design-based mixed methods meta-inference

Design-based mixed methods meta-inference is the overarching conclusion drawn by explicitly integrating the separate quantitative and qualitative inferences from a mixed methods study, with the integration logic anchored to the a priori research design. Rather than treating quantitative and qualitative results as paral

2 个来源2003
research design

Design-based Pragmatic Mixed Methods

Design-based pragmatic mixed methods combines the iterative, intervention-focused logic of design-based research (DBR) with the philosophical pragmatism that underpins mixed methods inquiry. Researchers design, test, and refine an educational or organisational intervention across multiple cycles while simultaneously co

2 个来源2000
research design

Design-based qualitative-priority mixed methods design

A design-based qualitative-priority mixed methods design places qualitative inquiry at the centre of the research, using quantitative data in a supporting, secondary role. The qualitative strand drives the research questions, sampling logic, and interpretive conclusions, while quantitative data — collected concurrently

2 个来源1991
research design

Design-based quantitative-priority mixed methods design

Design-based quantitative-priority mixed methods research integrates a design-based research (DBR) framework — which involves iterative cycles of design, implementation, and refinement in naturalistic settings — with a mixed methods approach where quantitative data collection and analysis carry the primary evidentiary

2 个来源2000
field methods

Design-based Research

Design-based research (DBR) is an iterative, interventionist methodology that simultaneously designs educational interventions and builds theory about how and why those interventions work in authentic, complex settings. Originating in Ann Brown's 1992 classroom experiments and Allan Collins's parallel work, DBR treats

2 个来源1992
research design

Design-based Transformative Mixed Methods Design

Design-Based Transformative Mixed Methods Design integrates Donna Mertens' transformative paradigm — which foregrounds social justice, equity, and the perspectives of marginalized groups — with the iterative intervention cycles of design-based research. It systematically combines quantitative and qualitative data acros

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Autoethnography

Digital autoethnography is a qualitative research design in which the researcher systematically examines their own lived experience within digital environments — social media platforms, online communities, gaming worlds, digital workplaces, or other networked spaces — to illuminate broader cultural and social phenomena

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Case Study

Digital case study research applies the classic bounded case study framework to phenomena that are situated in, or mediated by, digital environments. Drawing on Robert Yin's foundational case study methodology, it investigates a contemporary phenomenon in depth within its real-world digital context — using online docum

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Classic Grounded Theory

Digital Classic Grounded Theory applies Glaser and Strauss's original (Glaserian) grounded theory methodology to data collected from online and digital environments — including social media, online forums, email threads, and chat logs. It preserves the inductive, emergence-focused logic of classic GT while adapting sam

2 个来源1967
qualitative

Digital Constructivist grounded theory

Digital Constructivist Grounded Theory (Digital CGT) applies Kathy Charmaz's constructivist variant of grounded theory to data generated in digital environments — social media platforms, online communities, forums, digital interviews, and other internet-mediated spaces. It treats meaning as co-constructed between resea

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Content analysis

Digital Content Analysis is a systematic research method for describing, categorising, and interpreting the content of digital materials — social media posts, websites, online forums, blogs, emails, and video transcripts. It applies the rigorous coding logic of classical content analysis to digitally native or digitall

2 个来源1950
qualitative

Digital Conversation Analysis

Digital Conversation Analysis (DCA) applies the systematic, turn-by-turn analytical procedures of Conversation Analysis (CA) to digital and computer-mediated interactions — including chat logs, social media threads, instant messages, and online forums. Rooted in the foundational CA framework of Sacks, Schegloff, and Je

2 个来源1974
qualitative

Digital Critical Discourse Analysis

Digital Critical Discourse Analysis (Digital CDA) is a qualitative research approach that applies the theoretical and methodological tools of Critical Discourse Analysis to digital and online communicative contexts. It examines how language, multimodal elements, and digital affordances are mobilized in online spaces to

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Document Analysis

Digital document analysis is a qualitative method for systematically locating, appraising, and interpreting documents that exist in digital or online form — including websites, emails, institutional reports, policy files, social media content, and digital archives. It applies the established logic of document analysis

2 个来源2000
field methods

Digital Educational Action Research

Digital educational action research is a cyclical, practitioner-led inquiry method in which educators systematically investigate a problem or question arising in digitally mediated teaching and learning environments. Drawing on the action research tradition of Carr, Kemmis, and Lewin, it integrates digital tools — lear

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Digital Ethnography

Digital ethnography is a qualitative research method that adapts traditional ethnographic fieldwork to online and digitally mediated settings. Drawing on sustained participant observation, document collection, and sometimes interviews, the researcher immerses themselves in one or more digital communities — social media

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Digital Grounded Theory

Digital Grounded Theory applies the systematic inductive logic of grounded theory to data gathered from digital and online environments — social media platforms, forums, blogs, comment sections, and other internet-mediated communication. Rather than simply using grounded theory on text that happens to come from digital

2 个来源2000
field methods

Digital Hermeneutic Analysis

Digital hermeneutic analysis applies the classical tradition of hermeneutic interpretation — rooted in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Gadamer, and Ricoeur — to born-digital and digitised texts, online corpora, and digital artifacts. It asks not only what digital objects mean, but how digital mediation, platform architecture,

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Hermeneutic Phenomenology

Digital Hermeneutic Phenomenology applies van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological tradition to phenomena that are lived, shaped, or mediated through digital technologies and online environments. Rather than treating the digital channel as a mere convenience for data collection, this approach treats participants' onlin

2 个来源2000
field methods

Digital Historical Archival Research

Digital historical archival research is the systematic investigation of the past using digitized primary sources held in online repositories, digital archives, and electronic databases. It combines the interpretive principles of traditional historical archival research with digital tools for search, retrieval, text min

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Digital Institutional Ethnography

Digital Institutional Ethnography (Digital IE) applies Dorothy E. Smith's institutional ethnography framework to digital and online settings. It investigates how institutional ruling relations — the texts, policies, and coordination mechanisms that organize people's everyday lives — operate through digital infrastructu

2 个来源1980
qualitative

Digital Interpretive phenomenological analysis

Digital Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (Digital IPA) applies the rigorous IPA framework — originally developed by Jonathan Smith to explore how individuals make sense of significant lived experiences — within digital data-collection environments. Participants are recruited and interviewed online (via video call

2 个来源1996
qualitative

Digital Life History Research

Digital Life History Research is a qualitative biographical method that investigates how individuals construct, narrate, and preserve their life stories using digital tools and environments. It extends the classical life history tradition into online spaces — gathering data through video interviews, asynchronous email

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Metaphor analysis

Digital Metaphor Analysis (DMA) is a qualitative research approach that identifies, maps, and interprets conceptual metaphors embedded in digital texts — social media posts, online forums, blogs, comment sections, and other internet-mediated communication. Drawing on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson 1980)

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Multiple case study

Digital Multiple Case Study is a qualitative research design in which two or more bounded digital cases — such as online communities, social media platforms, virtual organizations, or digital ecosystems — are studied in depth and then compared systematically. Grounded in Yin's case study methodology and adapted for dig

2 个来源1984
qualitative

Digital Narrative Research

Digital Narrative Research is a qualitative methodology in which participants create or share short digital stories — typically combining personal voice-over, photographs, video, and text — that become the primary data for inquiry. Originating in community digital-storytelling practice developed at the Center for Digit

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Digital Oral History

Digital Oral History is a qualitative research method that uses digital technologies — audio and video recorders, online platforms, and digital archives — to collect, preserve, and disseminate first-person oral accounts of lived experience. It extends the established oral history tradition by leveraging digital tools t

2 个来源1990
field methods

Digital Oral History Method

The digital oral history method is a qualitative research approach in which personal testimonies and lived experiences are elicited through recorded interviews, then preserved, managed, and disseminated using digital technologies. Building on the established oral history tradition, the digital variant leverages audio a

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Phenomenology

Digital Phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that applies phenomenological inquiry to lived experiences mediated by or situated within digital environments — including social media platforms, virtual communities, online spaces, and interactions with digital technologies. It asks how people experience, make

2 个来源2000
field methods

Digital Program Evaluation

Digital program evaluation applies the systematic logic of program evaluation to programs that operate fully or partly in digital environments, using digital tools and data — web analytics, online surveys, platform logs, social media metrics, and digital trace data — to assess program reach, implementation fidelity, an

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Digital Qualitative Content Analysis

Digital Qualitative Content Analysis (DQCA) is a systematic method for interpreting meaning from digital texts — social media posts, forum threads, blogs, emails, and other online content — through a structured, category-driven coding process. It extends the established tradition of qualitative content analysis (Mayrin

2 个来源2010
qualitative

Digital Reflexive Thematic Analysis

Digital Reflexive Thematic Analysis (Digital RTA) applies Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis framework to qualitative data generated in or collected from digital environments — including social media posts, online forums, chat transcripts, email, digital interviews, and other online texts. It foregrounds th

2 个来源2006
qualitative

Digital Semiotic Analysis

Digital Semiotic Analysis applies the classical study of signs and meaning-making to content produced and circulated in digital environments. It examines how signifiers — words, images, icons, sounds, emojis, hyperlinks, and interface conventions — create meaning within digital texts such as websites, social media post

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Digital Straussian Grounded Theory

Digital Straussian grounded theory applies the systematic, coding-driven approach of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory to digital data sources such as online forums, social media, chat logs, and digital documents. It retains the Straussian paradigm model and three-stage coding structure — open, axial, and selective

2 个来源1990
field methods

Digital Textual Criticism

Digital textual criticism is the application of computational and digital methods to the scholarly analysis, collation, and editing of historical texts. Building on centuries-old philological practice, it uses tools such as XML/TEI encoding, automated collation software (e.g., CollateX), and computational stemmatology

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Digital Thematic Analysis

Digital Thematic Analysis applies Braun and Clarke's six-phase thematic analysis framework to qualitative data generated in or harvested from digital environments — including social media platforms, online forums, blogs, digital interview transcripts, and user-generated web content. It retains the same systematic codin

2 个来源2006
qualitative

Digital Visual Analysis

Digital visual analysis is a qualitative approach for systematically examining visual materials that originate in, circulate through, or are consumed within digital environments — including social media images, video content, screenshots, memes, infographics, and online multimodal texts. Drawing on visual methodologies

2 个来源2000
qualitative research

Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze la

3 个来源1989
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