ScholarGate
探索
文库我的文库桌面预检Review Studio助手
工作区
对比
打造您的书架

保存方法、整理合集，并将它们带到您的桌面。

创建账户
文库 / 浏览
登录
方法库

按方法、领域与证据探索科学。

一个汇集研究方法的目录——了解每种方法如何运作、何时使用以及它做不到什么。

6,575 方法11 领域7 方法家族40 语言
科学图谱在使用之前，先绘制科学的结构图。领域 · 方法 · 证据路径探索图谱
领域Health & Medicine716Psychology570Business & Finance410Engineering330Life Sciences263Education261Research Practice248Natural Sciences
ScholarGate

以内容为本的研究方法参考文库——每种方法是什么、如何运作、源自何处。

开放数据（CC-BY）

探索

  • 文库
  • 搜索方法…
  • 按领域浏览
  • 学科领域
  • 历程
  • 对比
  • 该用哪种方法？

参考

  • 学科
  • 图集
  • 术语表
  • 方法论
  • 哲学

工作区

  • 我的文库
  • 桌面
  • 聊天

公司

  • 关于
  • 价格
  • 联系我们
  • 建议新方法

本词条系根据已发表文献整理，仅供参考。核实任何信息的准确性及其是否适用于您的具体用途，仍由您自行负责。

© 2026 ScholarGate · 研究方法参考文库
  • 隐私
  • Cookie
  • 条款
  • 删除账户
236
Social Sciences185
Environment & Sustainability160
Law30
方法统计学1,836人工智能与机器学习1,661决策科学932研究方法1,354测量1,745因果与证据532研究实践118
814 种方法 · 研究方法清除
与筛选条件匹配的真实方法。
排序热门程度A–ZZ–A最新
experimental design

Optimization-assisted central composite design

Optimization-assisted central composite design (CCD) combines the rotatable, second-order experimental layout of central composite design with mathematical optimization algorithms — typically desirability functions, response surface optimization, or metaheuristics — to find the factor settings that simultaneously maxim

2 个来源1951
experimental design

Optimization-assisted design of experiments

Optimization-assisted design of experiments (OA-DoE) couples a structured experimental plan with a mathematical optimization engine to locate factor settings that simultaneously satisfy multiple response objectives. Rather than stopping at fitting a response surface model, the analyst applies desirability functions, ge

2 个来源1980
experimental design

Optimization-assisted event tree analysis

Optimization-assisted event tree analysis couples the structured probability logic of classical event tree analysis (ETA) with an optimization layer — typically mathematical programming or metaheuristic search — to identify the best combination of safety barriers, mitigation strategies, or resource allocations that min

2 个来源1975
experimental design

Optimization-assisted failure mode and effects analysis

Optimization-assisted FMEA extends classical Failure Mode and Effects Analysis by embedding mathematical optimization algorithms — such as linear programming, multi-objective optimization, or metaheuristics — into the risk prioritization step. Rather than relying solely on the Risk Priority Number (RPN = Severity × Occ

2 个来源1949
experimental design

Optimization-assisted fractional factorial design

Optimization-assisted fractional factorial design (OA-FFD) combines classical fractional factorial screening with algorithmic optimality criteria — such as D-, I-, or A-optimality — to construct experiment matrices that maximize statistical efficiency. Instead of relying solely on standard orthogonal-array tables, a co

2 个来源1960
experimental design

Optimization-assisted full factorial design

Optimization-assisted full factorial design is a structured engineering workflow that runs a complete full factorial experiment — covering every combination of factor levels — and then applies a formal optimization method to identify the factor settings that best satisfy one or more performance targets. It combines the

2 个来源1980
experimental design

Optimization-assisted process capability analysis

Optimization-assisted process capability analysis combines classical capability indices (Cp, Cpk, Cpm) with mathematical optimization to identify process parameter settings that simultaneously satisfy engineering specifications and maximize process capability. Rather than simply measuring whether a process is capable,

2 个来源1986
experimental design

Optimization-assisted quality function deployment

Optimization-assisted QFD extends the classic House of Quality framework by embedding mathematical optimization — linear programming, multi-objective optimization, or metaheuristics — directly into the QFD process. This allows engineers to simultaneously maximize customer satisfaction and minimize cost or resource cons

2 个来源1990
experimental design

Optimization-assisted Reliability Analysis

Optimization-assisted reliability analysis couples probabilistic reliability assessment with mathematical optimization to simultaneously identify failure probabilities and find design configurations that satisfy reliability targets at minimum cost or weight. Widely applied in structural, mechanical, and aerospace engin

2 个来源1990
experimental design

Optimization-assisted response surface methodology

Optimization-assisted RSM couples a second-order response surface model with a mathematical optimization routine — most commonly Derringer and Suich's desirability function, but also genetic algorithms or gradient-based solvers — to locate the factor settings that simultaneously satisfy multiple quality or performance

2 个来源1951
experimental design

Optimization-assisted Taguchi method

The optimization-assisted Taguchi method extends Taguchi's robust design framework by coupling its orthogonal-array experiments with a secondary optimization algorithm — such as grey relational analysis, genetic algorithms, or particle swarm optimization — to simultaneously handle multiple response variables or to navi

2 个来源1950
qualitative

Oral History

Oral history is a qualitative research method that collects, preserves, and interprets first-person spoken accounts of past events, experiences, and social processes. By recording in-depth interviews with individuals who witnessed or participated in historical events, oral historians document perspectives that written

2 个来源1948
field methods

Oral History Method

The oral history method is a qualitative research approach in which researchers conduct in-depth, recorded interviews with individuals who have direct personal experience of a historical event, social process, or community life. It captures subjective perspectives, memory, and lived experience that written records rare

2 个来源1948
research design

Panel Research

Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-uni

2 个来源1970
research design

Panel-based Causal-Comparative Research

Panel-based causal-comparative research is a quantitative observational design that tracks the same sample of participants or units across multiple time points and then compares pre-existing groups to identify differences in outcomes. By combining the temporal depth of a panel structure with the group-contrast logic of

2 个来源1950
research design

Panel-based Cohort Research

Panel-based cohort research is a longitudinal observational design that follows a defined group of individuals — the cohort — across multiple repeated measurement waves, collecting structured quantitative data at each wave. It merges the epidemiological strength of cohort tracking (a group sharing a common characterist

2 个来源1950
research design

Panel-based Confirmatory Research

Panel-based confirmatory research combines the longitudinal power of panel data — repeated observations of the same units over time — with a pre-specified, hypothesis-driven analytic framework. Instead of exploring patterns post-hoc, the researcher commits to theoretical propositions before data collection and uses the

2 个来源1960
research design

Panel-based cross-sectional research

Panel-based cross-sectional research draws repeated cross-sectional measurements from a pre-recruited standing panel rather than sampling fresh respondents each time. This hybrid design preserves the snapshot character of classic cross-sectional surveys while gaining speed, cost efficiency, and comparability across wav

2 个来源1940
research design

Panel-based Descriptive Research

Panel-based descriptive research follows the same set of individuals, households, or organizations across multiple time points and uses that repeated-measures structure to describe how variables, distributions, and patterns change over time — without imposing an experimental manipulation or testing causal hypotheses. I

2 个来源1940
research design

Panel-based ex post facto design

A panel-based ex post facto design tracks the same group of participants across multiple time points to examine how pre-existing differences in an independent variable — one the researcher did not manipulate — are associated with changes in an outcome over time. It merges the temporal depth of panel methodology with th

2 个来源1950
research design

Panel-based exploratory quantitative research

Panel-based exploratory quantitative research tracks the same sample of participants across multiple measurement points to discover patterns, relationships, and change processes that a single snapshot cannot reveal. Because the research goal is exploratory — uncovering structure rather than testing a predetermined hypo

2 个来源1940
research design

Panel-based Observational Quantitative Research

Panel-based observational quantitative research follows the same individuals, organizations, or units across two or more time points without experimentally manipulating any condition. By combining the within-unit depth of longitudinal tracking with the numerical precision of quantitative measurement, it enables researc

2 个来源1960
research design

Panel-based quantitative content analysis

Panel-based quantitative content analysis applies systematic, numeric coding of media or textual content to the same fixed panel of sources at multiple time points. By holding the source panel constant while measurements repeat over time, researchers can track genuine change in content patterns rather than confounding

2 个来源1950
research design

Panel-based survey research

Panel-based survey research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same set of respondents — the panel — is surveyed with structured questionnaires at two or more distinct time points. By tracking the same individuals over time, the design captures intra-individual change, documents how outcomes evolve, and

2 个来源1940
research design

Panel-based trend research

Panel-based trend research tracks the same group of respondents — the panel — across multiple measurement waves over time, enabling researchers to separate genuine individual-level change from cohort differences and to model how variables evolve within persons. Unlike repeated cross-sectional designs, which sample new

2 个来源1940
qualitative research

Participant Observation

Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural mea

4 个来源1922
qualitative

Participatory Action Research

Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achiev

2 个来源1940
qualitative

Participatory Biographical Research

Participatory Biographical Research (PBR) combines the in-depth life-story tradition of biographical methods with the collaborative ethos of participatory inquiry. Participants are not merely sources of data; they are active co-researchers who help design questions, interpret their own narratives, and validate emerging

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Participatory Case Study

Participatory Case Study is a qualitative design that embeds participatory principles within a bounded case study framework. Participants are not merely research subjects but active collaborators who co-define the research questions, co-generate data, contribute to analysis, and validate the findings. The approach is a

2 个来源1980
research design

Participatory Concurrent Embedded Mixed Methods

Participatory concurrent embedded mixed methods is a research design that combines a participatory or community-based action research framework with an embedded concurrent data structure — simultaneously collecting dominant and supplementary data strands from community stakeholders who are active co-investigators rathe

2 个来源2000
research design

Participatory Concurrent Triangulation Mixed Methods

Participatory concurrent triangulation mixed methods is a research design that embeds a participatory worldview — prioritising community involvement, co-ownership, and social change — within a concurrent triangulation structure, in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected at the same time, analysed indepen

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Participatory Content Analysis

Participatory Content Analysis (PCA) is a qualitative method that integrates community members or stakeholders directly into the content analysis process. Rather than treating participants solely as data sources, PCA positions them as co-analysts who help develop coding categories, interpret textual data, and validate

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Participatory Conversation Analysis

Participatory Conversation Analysis (PCA) extends classical Conversation Analysis by actively involving the people whose talk is being studied in the analytical process. Rather than treating analysis as the researcher's exclusive domain, PCA invites practitioners, community members, or research participants to co-revie

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Participatory Critical Discourse Analysis

Participatory Critical Discourse Analysis (PCDA) integrates the ideology-exposing tools of Critical Discourse Analysis with the community-centred ethics of participatory action research. Researchers and community members jointly collect and analyse texts and talk to reveal how language constructs, legitimises, or conte

2 个来源1990
field methods

Participatory Design-Based Research

Participatory design-based research (PDBR) is an iterative educational research methodology in which practitioners — teachers, students, or community members — serve as genuine co-designers of interventions alongside researchers. Rooted in design-based research (DBR), PDBR adds explicit mechanisms for shared ownership,

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Participatory Digital Ethnography

Participatory Digital Ethnography (PDE) is a qualitative research design that combines the immersive observation of digital ethnography with the collaborative, co-inquiry stance of participatory action research. Researchers work alongside community members within digital environments — social media platforms, online fo

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Participatory Discourse Analysis

Participatory Discourse Analysis (PDA) integrates the collaborative ethos of participatory action research with the language-focused lens of discourse analysis. Community members or research participants are not merely sources of data — they are co-analysts who help collect, interpret, and act on discourse. PDA is used

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Participatory Document analysis

Participatory Document Analysis is a qualitative research approach that systematically examines existing documents — such as policy records, reports, correspondence, and community archives — while actively involving community members or stakeholders as co-researchers in the selection, interpretation, and meaning-making

2 个来源1940
qualitative

Participatory Ethnography

Participatory ethnography is a qualitative research design in which community members are not merely subjects of study but active collaborators throughout the research process — from problem formulation and data collection to analysis and writing. Building on classical ethnographic fieldwork, it shifts the researcher–p

2 个来源1990
research design

Participatory Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods

The participatory explanatory sequential mixed methods design combines the two-phase QUAN-to-QUAL structure of the explanatory sequential design with a participatory or transformative worldview. Community members and stakeholders are involved as collaborators — not merely subjects — across all stages, from formulating

2 个来源2000
research design

Participatory Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods

Participatory exploratory sequential mixed methods is a two-phase design in which an initial qualitative phase — conducted with and by community members — generates findings that are used to build or refine a quantitative instrument or intervention, which is then tested in a second phase. The participatory lens ensures

2 个来源2007
qualitative

Participatory Hermeneutic Phenomenology

Participatory Hermeneutic Phenomenology combines the interpretive, text-oriented tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology — rooted in Heidegger and developed by van Manen — with a participatory ethos in which research participants are treated as active co-inquirers rather than passive informants. The approach seeks to un

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Participatory Institutional Ethnography

Participatory Institutional Ethnography (PIE) combines Dorothy Smith's institutional ethnography with participatory research principles, positioning community members or service users as co-researchers who investigate how institutional relations, ruling texts, and organizational practices shape and often constrain thei

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Participatory Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

Participatory Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (Participatory IPA) merges the interpretive, meaning-focused rigour of IPA with participatory research principles, engaging participants as active co-researchers in the design, data collection, and analytic phases. The approach is especially valued in studies involvi

2 个来源2000
research design

Participatory Intervention Mixed Methods

Participatory Intervention Mixed Methods (PIMM) is a research design that embeds community members as co-investigators in the planning and delivery of an intervention, while collecting and integrating both quantitative outcome data and qualitative experiential data. The design bridges participatory action research trad

2 个来源1990
field methods

Participatory Lesson Study

Participatory Lesson Study is an iterative, team-based professional development approach in which teachers — and often students, parents, or community members — jointly plan, observe, and critically reflect on live lessons to improve learning for a specific group of students. It extends the Japanese lesson study tradit

2 个来源2000
research design

Participatory Mixed Methods Matrix

The Participatory Mixed Methods Matrix is a research design that embeds a joint-display integration matrix within a participatory research framework. Community members or other stakeholders co-design the study, co-collect quantitative and qualitative data strands, and then jointly interpret the matrix where both strand

2 个来源2003
research design

Participatory Mixed Methods Meta-Inference

Participatory mixed methods meta-inference is the process by which researchers and community co-investigators draw a unified, integrated conclusion — the meta-inference — from separately analysed qualitative and quantitative strands within a participatory mixed methods study. Grounded in the meta-inference framework of

2 个来源1998
research design

Participatory Multiphase Mixed Methods

Participatory multiphase mixed methods is a research design that integrates participatory action research principles into a multiphase mixed methods framework. Community members or stakeholders are active co-investigators across multiple sequential or concurrent phases, each combining quantitative and qualitative stran

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Participatory Multiple case study

Participatory multiple case study research integrates the structured logic of multiple case study design — examining two or more bounded cases to build analytic generalisations — with the collaborative ethics of participatory research, where community members or practitioners co-design the inquiry, co-collect data, and

2 个来源1980
qualitative

Participatory Narrative Research

Participatory Narrative Research (PNR), often operationalized as Participatory Narrative Inquiry (PNI), is a qualitative research design in which community members or stakeholders collect, share, and collectively interpret their own stories to understand complex social phenomena. Unlike researcher-driven narrative appr

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Participatory Netnography

Participatory Netnography is a qualitative research approach in which the researcher becomes an active, contributing member of an online community in order to study it from within. Building on Kozinets' netnography framework, it extends the purely observational stance to active participation — the researcher posts, rep

2 个来源1997
qualitative

Participatory Oral History

Participatory oral history is a qualitative research design in which community members act as co-researchers alongside academic investigators to collect, interpret, and share first-person accounts of lived experience and collective memory. Drawing on Michael Frisch's concept of 'shared authority,' it repositions resear

2 个来源1970
field methods

Participatory Oral History Method

Participatory oral history method is a qualitative research approach in which community members are not merely interview subjects but active co-investigators who help shape the research questions, conduct or co-conduct interviews, analyze narratives, and govern how the resulting record is used. Rooted in both the oral

2 个来源1970
qualitative

Participatory Phenomenology

Participatory phenomenology combines the depth of phenomenological inquiry — attending to the lived structure of experience — with the democratic ethos of participatory research, in which those being studied become active co-researchers. Rather than treating participants as data sources, the approach positions them as

2 个来源1990
field methods

Participatory Program Evaluation

Participatory program evaluation is an applied evaluation approach in which program stakeholders — staff, participants, funders, or community members — are actively involved as co-evaluators rather than passive subjects. By engaging those closest to the program in designing questions, collecting data, and interpreting

2 个来源1992
qualitative

Participatory Qualitative content analysis

Participatory Qualitative Content Analysis (PQCA) integrates the systematic text-analytic procedures of qualitative content analysis with the collaborative, power-sharing ethos of participatory research. Community members or stakeholders join the research team as co-analysts — helping to define the coding frame, interp

2 个来源2000
research design

Participatory Qualitative-Priority Mixed Design

Participatory qualitative-priority mixed design combines a participatory research worldview with a qualitative-dominant mixed methods structure. The qualitative strand carries the primary explanatory weight — capturing lived experience, meaning, and community voice — while a smaller quantitative strand supplements and

2 个来源2000
research design

Participatory Quantitative-Priority Mixed Design

Participatory quantitative-priority mixed design combines a community-engaged, participatory research framework with a mixed methods structure in which the quantitative strand carries primary weight. Stakeholders and community members co-shape research questions, instruments, and interpretation, while quantitative data

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Participatory Semiotic Analysis

Participatory Semiotic Analysis (PSA) is a qualitative method that invites community members or research participants to actively co-analyze the signs, symbols, images, and texts that shape their social world. Combining the interpretive rigour of semiotic theory with the democratic ethos of participatory action researc

2 个来源1990
← 910 / 1411 →