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Khám phá khoa học theo phương pháp, lĩnh vực và bằng chứng.

Một danh mục duy nhất về các phương pháp nghiên cứu — tìm hiểu cách mỗi phương pháp hoạt động, khi nào nên dùng và điều nó không làm được.

6,435 phương pháp11 lĩnh vực7 họ phương pháp40 ngôn ngữ
Atlas khoa họcLập bản đồ cấu trúc của khoa học trước khi sử dụng.Lĩnh vực · phương pháp · lộ trình bằng chứngKhám phá bản đồ
Lĩnh vựcHealth & Medicine716Psychology570Business & Finance410Engineering330Life Sciences263Education261Research Practice
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Thư viện tham khảo về phương pháp nghiên cứu, đặt nội dung lên hàng đầu — mỗi phương pháp là gì, hoạt động ra sao và bắt nguồn từ đâu.

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Các mục từ được biên soạn từ những nguồn đã công bố nhằm mục đích tham khảo. Việc kiểm chứng tính chính xác và mức độ phù hợp của bất kỳ thông tin nào cho mục đích sử dụng của bạn vẫn thuộc trách nhiệm của bạn.

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Natural Sciences236
Social Sciences185
Environment & Sustainability160
Law30
Phương phápThống kê1,836Trí tuệ nhân tạo & học máy1,661Khoa học quyết định932Phương pháp nghiên cứu1,354Đo lường1,745Nhân quả & bằng chứng532Thực hành nghiên cứu118
1,410 phương pháp · Đo lườngXóa
Các phương pháp thực khớp với bộ lọc của bạn.
Sắp xếpĐộ phổ biếnA–ZZ–AMới nhất
food science

DSC Gelatinization

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat absorbed or released by a sample as temperature changes, enabling characterization of starch gelatinization—the structural transformation of starch granules when heated with water. DSC reveals the temperature at which starch

2 nguồn1985
psychology of religion

DSES

The DSES, developed by Underwood and Teresi in 2002, is a 16-item self-report measure designed to capture the frequency and depth of spiritual experiences that occur in everyday life. Unlike scales that measure religious affiliation or institutional participation, the DSES assesses whether and how often individuals rep

1 nguồn2002
medical imaging

DTI Tractography

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography (DTI tractography) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that maps white matter fiber bundles in the brain by tracking the three-dimensional diffusion of water molecules along axons. Pioneered by Basser, Mori, and Conturo in the 1990s, DTI tractography reveals the structural con

3 nguồn1999
addiction medicine

DUDIT

The DUDIT is a brief, gender-sensitive screening instrument designed to identify individuals with harmful or hazardous drug use patterns across a wide range of substances. Developed by Berman and colleagues in 2005, it serves as a primary care and public health screening tool to detect drug-related problems before they

1 nguồn2005
cardiology

Duke Activity Status Index

The Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) is a 12-item self-report questionnaire that estimates functional capacity—the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) a patient can achieve—based on their ability to perform common daily activities. Developed by Hlatky and colleagues in 1989, the DASI provides a non-invasive assessmen

1 nguồn1989
health measurement

Duke Health Profile

The Duke Health Profile (DUKE) is a 17-item self-report measure of health-related quality of life developed by Parkerson and colleagues at Duke University in 1989. It assesses health across six dimensions: physical function, mental health, social function, general health perceptions, anxiety, and depression. The instru

3 nguồn1989
psychology of religion

DUREL

The DUREL is a brief, five-item self-report measure of religious involvement developed by Koenig and Büssing in 2010. Designed specifically for epidemiological and health services research, it captures three dimensions of religiosity: organizational religious activity (church attendance), non-organizational religious a

1 nguồn2010
social psychology

Dyadic Adjustment Scale

The Dyadic Adjustment Scale is the most widely used self-report instrument for measuring the quality of relationships in married or cohabiting couples. Developed by Graham Spanier in 1976, it captures four fundamental dimensions of relationship functioning: consensus (agreement on key domains), satisfaction (contentmen

2 nguồn1976
strategic management

Dynamic Capabilities Scale

Dynamic Capabilities (DC) represent an organization's capacity to sense new opportunities and threats, seize those opportunities through strategic investments and organizational changes, and reconfigure assets and organizational structures to adapt to shifting competitive environments. Teece (2007) articulated this fra

3 nguồn2007
neuroimaging

Dynamic Functional Connectivity

Dynamic Functional Connectivity (dFC) is an analytical framework that tracks changes in functional connectivity between brain regions over time, rather than averaging connectivity across an entire scanning session. Systematized by Hutchison and colleagues in 2013, dFC reveals how brain networks reorganize moment-to-mom

2 nguồn2013
biomaterials

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measures the viscoelastic properties of materials—their elastic stiffness and viscous damping—by applying a sinusoidal stress or strain and measuring the phase lag and amplitude of the material's response. Developed from rheology principles in the 1960s and formalized by Ferry, Schwarz

3 nguồn1960
speech language pathology

Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale

The Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS) is a 7-point clinician-rated ordinal scale that measures the severity of swallowing dysfunction and functional swallowing outcomes across two dimensions: safety (penetration-aspiration risk) and efficiency (oral intake adequacy and diet level tolerance). Developed by O'Ne

3 nguồn1999
tourism management

E-Government Adoption Scale

The E-Government Adoption Scale (EGAS) measures citizens' willingness to adopt and use digital government services (e-permits, e-tax, e-voting, e-tourism information services, online licensing) based on Technology Acceptance Model principles (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) extended to government contexts (Belanger et al., 20

4 nguồn2000
information systems

E-Learning Satisfaction Scale

The E-Learning Satisfaction Scale measures learner satisfaction with online educational experiences across multiple dimensions including platform quality, instructor effectiveness, course content, peer interaction, and technical support. Developed through research by Bolliger, Halupa, Chi, and others studying online hi

2 nguồn2008
nursing

Early Warning Score

The Early Warning Score (EWS), most commonly known as the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) in the UK, is a standardized tool for identifying acutely unwell patients at risk of deterioration. Developed by the Royal College of Physicians and validated through research by Smith, Prytherch, and colleagues, NEWS combines

2 nguồn2012
dermatology

EASI

The EASI is a structured, clinician-administered tool for assessing the extent and intensity of atopic dermatitis across the body. Developed by Hanifin and colleagues in 2001, it divides the body into four regions with weighted area factors, ensuring proportional contribution to total score. EASI has become the primary

2 nguồn2001
psychiatry

Eating Attitudes Test

The EAT-26 is a 26-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess core attitudes and behaviors characteristic of eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Developed by Garner and Garfinkel in 1979 and abbreviated to 26 items in 1982, it is widely used for screening eating disorders in comm

3 nguồn1979
neonatology

ECERS-3

The ECERS-3 is a comprehensive observational rating scale assessing the quality of early childhood education and care environments for preschool-age children (ages 3–5 years, or ages 2.5–5.5 years). Developed by Harms, Clifford, and Cryer (2015), it evaluates classroom environment, materials, interactions, and practice

2 nguồn2015
sustainability

Ecological Footprint

Ecological Footprint Accounting (EFA) is a resource accounting framework that measures how much biologically productive land and water area a human population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates. Introduced by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees in 1996, it compares human

1 nguồn1996
sustainability

Ecosystem Services Valuation

Ecosystem Services Valuation (ESV) is a framework pioneered by Costanza and colleagues (1997) that assigns economic value to the benefits nature provides to humanity—from pollination and water purification to climate regulation and cultural enjoyment. Formalized in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) and The Eco

3 nguồn1997
environmental engineering

Ecotoxicological Testing

Ecotoxicological testing is a suite of standardized laboratory and field methods to assess the toxicity of chemical substances to aquatic and terrestrial organisms (fish, invertebrates, algae, plants, soil fauna). Developed by regulatory agencies (OECD, EPA, EMEA) since the 1970s, these tests measure lethal concentrati

3 nguồn1975
clinical psychology

EDE-Q

The EDE-Q is a 28-item self-report questionnaire derived from the gold-standard Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview. Developed by Fairburn and Beglin in 1993, it measures the cognitive, behavioural, and attitudinal features of eating disorders. It is widely used in both research and clinical screening because i

3 nguồn1993
clinical psychology

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a 10-item self-report screening questionnaire developed by John Cox, Jeni Holden, and Ruth Sagovsky in 1987 to identify postnatal depression in new mothers. Published in the British Journal of Psychiatry, the EPDS specifically addresses depressive symptoms common in the postp

3 nguồn1987
ecology

eDNA Metabarcoding

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding detects and identifies species present in environmental samples (water, soil, air) by sequencing short DNA fragments released by organisms. Developed by Taberlet and colleagues (2012), this approach has revolutionized biodiversity monitoring: species can be surveyed without captur

3 nguồn2012
neurology

EDSS

The EDSS is the most widely used clinical disability rating scale in multiple sclerosis research and practice. Developed by John Kurtzke in 1983, it provides a 0-10 ordinal scale capturing disease severity across eight neurological functional systems and functional status. The EDSS remains the primary endpoint in MS cl

1 nguồn1983
occupational health

Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale

The Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) Scale is an occupational stress assessment tool based on a reciprocal model of work stress. Developed by Johannes Siegrist in 1996, the ERI measures the degree to which employees experience imbalance between their job efforts (demands, overcommitment) and job rewards (income, recogniti

2 nguồn1996
environmental psychology

EFKS

The Ecological Footprint Knowledge Scale (EFKS) measures individuals' understanding of the ecological footprint concept—how much land and resources one's consumption requires—and knowledge of personal and global footprint impacts. Developed from the ecological footprint framework (Wackernagel & Rees, 1996), the EFKS as

2 nguồn1996
environmental psychology

EIS

The Environmental Identity Scale (EIS) measures the degree to which individuals incorporate environmental values and ecological concerns into their sense of self—how central environmental stewardship is to personal identity and self-concept. Developed by Clayton (2003) from identity theory and social psychology, the EI

3 nguồn2003
geophysics

Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is an active-source geophysical method that maps the spatial distribution of electrical resistivity in the subsurface by injecting current between two electrodes and measuring potential differences across an array of receiver electrodes. Advanced as a practical technique by Loke

2 nguồn1996
veterinary science

Electrofishing

Electrofishing is a bioelectrical sampling technique in which electric current is applied to water to stun fish temporarily, allowing their capture for identification, measurement, and return to the stream. Developed in the 1950s and refined continuously, electrofishing is the standard method for inventorying fish comm

3 nguồn1950
sports science

Electromechanical Delay

Electromechanical delay (EMD) is the time interval between electrical muscle activation (detected via electromyography) and the first detectable mechanical force output. Introduced by Cavanagh and Komi (1979), EMD reflects the physiological lag inherent in converting neural input into mechanical work. This delay arises

3 nguồn1979
spectroscopy

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), also called Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), is a spectroscopic technique that detects and characterizes unpaired electrons in molecules and materials. Discovered by Zavoiskii in 1945, EPR measures the absorption of microwave radiation by paramagnetic species in a magnetic field, pr

2 nguồn1945
food science

Electronic Nose

An electronic nose (e-nose) is an instrumental analytical device that mimics the mammalian olfactory system to detect and identify volatile organic compounds (odors) in food products. Developed by Persaud and Dodd in 1982, e-noses use arrays of non-selective chemical sensors combined with pattern recognition algorithms

2 nguồn1982
veterinary science

Electroretinography

Electroretinography (ERG) is an electrophysiological technique that records the electrical activity generated by the retina in response to light stimulation. By measuring the amplitude and timing of the resulting potential, ERG provides objective assessment of retinal photoreceptor and bipolar cell function independent

3 nguồn1953
biomaterials

Electrospinning

Electrospinning is an electrostatic fiber fabrication process that uses a high electric field to draw polymer solutions or melts into nanoscale fibers. Developed by Anton Formhals in the 1930s and refined by researchers including Darrell Reneker in the 1990s, the technique has become foundational to biomaterials engine

3 nguồn1934
neuroimaging

eLORETA

Exact Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (eLORETA) is a non-parametric solution to the inverse problem in EEG and MEG source localization. Developed by Roberto D. Pascual-Marqui in 2002, eLORETA reconstructs three-dimensional maps of electrical brain activity from scalp electrode recordings, offering zero locali

2 nguồn2002
animal science

Embryo Transfer Success Evaluation

Embryo transfer (ET) success evaluation is the systematic assessment of pregnancy establishment and calving outcomes following embryo implantation. Developed by reproductive physiologists in the 1970s-1980s, the method measures conception rates, pregnancy retention, calving rates, and calf viability to quantify the eff

3 nguồn1970
sustainability

Emergy Analysis

Emergy Analysis, developed by systems ecologist Howard T. Odum and formally presented in his 1996 book, is a biophysical accounting method that converts all inputs to a system — energy, materials, labor, and services — into a common unit of solar energy equivalents called solar emjoules (sej). By tracing how much prior

1 nguồn1996
clinical psychology

Emotion Dysregulation Scale

The EDS is a brief self-report measure of emotion dysregulation—difficulty managing and controlling emotional responses. Developed by Silk, Steinberg, and Morris in 2003 in longitudinal adolescent research, it captures emotional lability, emotional negativity, and emotional undercontrol linked to psychopathology and be

1 nguồn2003
clinical psychology

Emotion Regulation Questionnaire

The ERQ is a 10-item self-report measure assessing two primary emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Developed by Gross and John in 2003, it has become a foundational instrument in emotion regulation research, widely used across clinical, developmental, and social psychology.

1 nguồn2003
child psychiatry

Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA) is a 10-item self-report measure of emotion regulation strategies in children and adolescents ages 10–18 years. Based on Gross's process model of emotion regulation, the ERQ-CA assesses two key strategies: Cognitive Reappraisal (reinterpreting e

2 nguồn1998
organizational behavior

Employee Engagement Survey

The Employee Engagement Survey, grounded in Schaufeli and Bakker's Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), is a 17-item instrument measuring occupational engagement across three dimensions: vigor, dedication, and absorption. Originally developed in 2002, the EES assesses the positive psychological state of work engagemen

2 nguồn2002
occupational health

Employee Wellbeing Scale

The Employee Wellbeing Scale (EWS) measures workers' subjective wellbeing across five dimensions: vitality (energy and physical health), motivation (engagement with work), self-perception (confidence and self-worth), social connection (relationships and belonging), and general life satisfaction. Developed by Page and V

2 nguồn2009
psychiatric rehabilitation

Empowerment Scale

The Empowerment Scale, developed by Elaine Salisbury Rogers and colleagues in 1997, is a 28-item self-report instrument assessing personal empowerment in individuals with serious mental illness. Empowerment reflects the individual's sense of agency, self-efficacy, and power to make meaningful life choices and participa

1 nguồn1997
obstetrics gynecology

Endometriosis Health Profile-30

The Endometriosis Health Profile-30 (EHP-30) is a disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire comprising 30 core items measuring the multidimensional impact of endometriosis on women's health and well-being. Developed by Jones and colleagues in 2001, the EHP-30 assesses five core domains: pain, emotional well-being,

2 nguồn2001
materials science

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) is an analytical technique that identifies and quantifies chemical elements in microvolumes of samples by analyzing characteristic X-rays emitted during electron bombardment. Rooted in Moseley's discovery of characteristic X-ray lines in 1913 and developed as a practical micro

3 nguồn1913
social psychology

ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale

The ENRICH (Enriching Relationships: Issues, Communication, Happiness) program is a comprehensive couple assessment and enrichment system developed by David Olson that includes multiple relationship assessment tools. The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale is a subset of the full ENRICH Couple Inventory and measures coup

2 nguồn1996
information systems

Entity-Relationship Modeling

Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling is a conceptual approach to database design that represents real-world entities, their attributes, and the relationships between them. Introduced by Peter P.-S. Chen in 1976, ER modeling provides a high-level graphical notation (ER diagrams) that bridges the gap between informal requir

3 nguồn1976
organizational behavior

Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire

The Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) is a 6-item self-report instrument designed to measure an individual's intention to start a new business. Developed by Liñán and Chen in 2009, it is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior and has become widely used across entrepreneurship research and education. The

3 nguồn2009
strategic management

Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale

The Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) Scale, developed by Danny Miller (1983), measures the extent to which an organization exhibits strategic postures characteristic of entrepreneurship. It assesses three core dimensions—innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness—that distinguish entrepreneurial from conservative f

3 nguồn1983
social psychology

Environmental Attitudes Scale

The Environmental Attitudes Scale, most commonly operationalized as the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale developed by Dunlap and colleagues in 2000, is a self-report measure assessing individual endorsement of an ecologically sustainable worldview. The scale measures beliefs about human-nature relationships, includi

1 nguồn2000
environmental engineering

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic, structured process to identify, predict, and evaluate the environmental and social consequences of proposed development projects (infrastructure, extraction, manufacturing) before implementation. Mandated by law in most jurisdictions since the 1970s (NEPA in USA, E

3 nguồn1970
veterinary science

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

ELISA is a plate-based immunoassay technique that detects and quantifies proteins, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and other analytes in biological samples. Widely used in veterinary science, medicine, and food safety, it exploits the specificity of antibody–antigen binding coupled to an enzyme-driven colorimetric sign

2 nguồn1971
oncology

EORTC QLQ-BR23

The EORTC QLQ-BR23 is a 23-item breast-cancer-specific module designed to complement the 30-item EORTC QLQ-C30 core questionnaire, assessing functional and symptom domains unique to breast cancer. Validated by Sprangers et al. in 1996, it measures body image, sexual function, breast symptoms, and arm symptoms, making i

2 nguồn1996
oncology

EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL

The EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL is a 15-item quality-of-life instrument specifically designed for advanced cancer patients receiving palliative care. Developed by Groenvold et al. in 2006, it is a shortened version of the QLQ-C30, retaining core QoL domains while reducing respondent burden—critical in palliative settings where f

2 nguồn2006
oncology

EORTC QLQ-CX24

The EORTC QLQ-CX24 is a 24-item cervical-cancer-specific module designed to complement the EORTC QLQ-C30 core questionnaire. Developed by Greimel et al. in 2006, it measures sexual/vaginal function, body image, lymphedema, neuropathy, and gastrointestinal symptoms specific to cervical cancer and its treatments. It is t

2 nguồn2006
oncology

EORTC QLQ-LC13

The EORTC QLQ-LC13 is a 13-item lung-cancer-specific module designed to complement the 30-item EORTC QLQ-C30 core questionnaire. Developed and validated by Bergman et al. in 1994, it measures lung-specific symptoms (dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain) and treatment toxicities (sore mouth, dysphagia). It is the stan

2 nguồn1994
sports science

EPOC

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), commonly called the 'afterburn effect', is the elevated rate of oxygen uptake and metabolic activity that persists after exercise ends. First systematically studied by Brehm and Gutin (1986), EPOC reflects the energy cost of restoring homeostasis after physical exertion.

3 nguồn1986
health measurement

EQ-5D

The EQ-5D is a standardized, preference-based health utility measure developed by the EuroQol Group in 1990. It combines a descriptive health profile (five dimensions, three or five response levels) with a visual analog scale to quantify overall health status. The instrument has become essential for health economics, c

3 nguồn1990
veterinary science

Equine Gait Analysis

Equine Gait Analysis is a systematic evaluation of a horse's movement patterns at walk, trot, and canter to detect lameness, asymmetry, and biomechanical dysfunction. Combining visual observation with increasingly sophisticated instrumental techniques (force plate analysis, kinematics, accelerometry), gait analysis is

3 nguồn1990
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