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Environment & Sustainability160

手法統計学1,836 人工知能・機械学習1,661 意思決定科学932 研究方法1,354 測定1,745 因果とエビデンス532 研究実践118

1,410 件の手法 · 測定クリア

フィルターに一致する実在の手法。

並べ替え人気順 A–Z Z–A 新着順

tourism management

Travel Motivation Scale

The Travel Motivation Scale (TMS) measures the underlying reasons and psychological drivers that prompt individuals to take vacations and choose specific destinations. Developed by Crompton (1979) and Iso-Ahola (1982), and theoretically grounded in push–pull motivation theory, the TMS operationalizes intrinsic motivati

4件の出典1979

Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication

The Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) is a 14-item generic measure developed by Atkinson and colleagues in 2004 to assess patient satisfaction with medication across diverse therapeutic areas and disease conditions. It measures four key dimensions—Effectiveness, Side Effects, Convenience, and G

1件の出典2004

Tree Height Measurement

Tree height measurement—determining the vertical distance from ground to tree top—is a cornerstone of forest inventory and biomass estimation. Ranging from classical optical instruments (clinometer, Abney level) to modern laser hypsometers and airborne LiDAR, tree height quantification enables calculation of volume, bi

4件の出典1950

human computer interaction

Tree Testing

Tree Testing is a quantitative, task-based validation method for evaluating information architecture and navigation structures. Users are presented with a text-only representation of a website or app hierarchy (a tree) and asked to locate specific items or complete tasks by clicking through the structure. Unlike card s

2件の出典2000

survey methodology

Triangulated Delphi Technique

The Triangulated Delphi Technique combines the structured expert-consensus process of the classic Delphi method with deliberate triangulation — integrating data from at least one additional source or method (e.g., systematic literature review, interviews, survey data) to cross-validate findings and enhance the credibil

2件の出典1963

survey methodology

Triangulated Diary Method

The triangulated diary method combines participant-generated diary records with at least one additional independent data source — such as interviews, observations, or documents — to verify, deepen, and cross-check findings. Rooted in Denzin's (1978) principle of methodological triangulation and Zimmerman and Wieder's (

2件の出典1977

survey methodology

Triangulated Document Collection

Triangulated document collection is a qualitative data collection strategy in which documents from multiple independent sources are gathered and cross-checked against one another. By drawing on different document types — such as official records, personal archives, institutional reports, and media artifacts — the resea

2件の出典1978

survey methodology

Triangulated Field Notes

Triangulated Field Notes is a qualitative data collection technique in which field notes are recorded independently by multiple observers, from multiple vantage points, or at multiple time points and then systematically compared to strengthen the credibility and completeness of observational data. Rooted in Denzin's tr

2件の出典1970

survey methodology

Triangulated In-depth Interview

Triangulated in-depth interviewing applies Denzin's triangulation logic to the in-depth interview method by deliberately combining multiple sources of convergent evidence — different informants, interviewers, time points, or corroborating data types — to strengthen confidence in qualitative findings. Rather than relyin

2件の出典1978

survey methodology

Triangulated Mobile Experience Sampling

Triangulated Mobile Experience Sampling combines the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) — repeated, real-time self-reports delivered via smartphone — with deliberate triangulation across two or more data sources, instruments, or methods. By converging mobile survey prompts with passive sensor streams, behavioral logs, or

2件の出典2000

survey methodology

Triangulated Non-participant Observation

Triangulated non-participant observation systematically combines two or more independent non-participant observation streams — using multiple observers, different time points, or distinct vantage points — to cross-validate field records of naturally occurring behaviour. The researcher remains outside the setting as a d

2件の出典1958

survey methodology

Triangulated Research Diary

A Triangulated Research Diary is a qualitative data collection approach in which a researcher's ongoing reflective diary is used as one strand within a triangulated data collection strategy. The diary records observations, decisions, emotions, and emerging interpretations across the study, while at least one other data

2件の出典1970

survey methodology

Triangulated Semi-structured Interview

A triangulated semi-structured interview strategy combines the flexibility of open-ended, guided interviewing with deliberate triangulation across multiple informant groups, data sources, or interview occasions. By applying the same semi-structured protocol to different participant perspectives — such as clients, provi

2件の出典1970

survey methodology

Triangulated Sensor Data Collection

Triangulated sensor data collection deploys two or more independent sensors measuring the same phenomenon simultaneously, then cross-validates and aggregates their readings to obtain data that is more accurate, robust, and trustworthy than any single sensor alone. Widely used in environmental monitoring, structural hea

2件の出典1980

survey methodology

Triangulated Structured Interview

A triangulated structured interview applies the triangulation principle — using multiple independent sources, methods, or perspectives to cross-validate findings — to the structured interview format. The researcher administers the same fixed set of questions across different respondent groups, time points, or complemen

2件の出典1978

survey methodology

Triangulated Survey

A Triangulated Survey deliberately combines a structured survey instrument with at least one additional data source — such as interviews, focus groups, observation, or a second survey — so that findings from each source can be cross-validated against the others. Rooted in Denzin's concept of methodological triangulatio

2件の出典1978

survey methodology

Typical Case Sampling

Typical case sampling is a purposive strategy in which the researcher deliberately selects cases that represent what is ordinary, normal, or most common within a target group. Rather than seeking outliers or the widest possible variation, the goal is to illustrate and communicate what a typical experience, program, or

2件の出典1980

social psychology

UCLA Loneliness Scale

The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a widely used instrument for measuring subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Developed by Daniel Russell in the late 1970s, the scale measures the discrepancy between desired and actual social relationships. The UCLA LS has become the gold standard in loneliness research a

3件の出典1978

UCLA Prostate Cancer Index

The UCLA Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA PCI) is a 20-item, prostate-cancer-specific quality-of-life instrument focused on functional outcomes (urinary, sexual, bowel) rather than general cancer QoL. Developed by Litwin et al. in 1998, it has become the standard functional assessment tool in prostate cancer outcomes resear

2件の出典1998

occupational therapy

UEFS

The Upper Extremity Functional Scale (UEFS) is a self-report outcome measure designed to quantify functional limitation and capacity in the upper extremity (arm, hand) across everyday activities. Various versions exist; the most commonly used in occupational therapy and rehabilitation derive from adaptations of functio

2件の出典1990

UHDRS

The Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) is the comprehensive, multidomain assessment instrument for Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats. Developed by the Huntington Study Group in 1996, the UHDRS measures motor, cognitive, functional, and psychia

1件の出典1996

Ultimatum Game

The Ultimatum Game is a two-player economic decision-making task that reveals preferences for fairness and social norms. One player (proposer) receives money and offers a portion to a second player (responder). The responder accepts or rejects the offer; if accepted, both receive their share; if rejected, both receive

3件の出典1982

veterinary medicine

Ultrasonography in Veterinary Medicine

Ultrasonography is a diagnostic imaging method using high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal structures. Adapted from human medical ultrasound beginning in the 1960s-1970s, veterinary ultrasonography is now essential for soft tissue imaging, particularly for abdominal, cardiac, and thoracic as

3件の出典1960

educational psychology

University Student Satisfaction Scale

The University Student Satisfaction Scale measures students' satisfaction with their overall university experience, including instruction quality, academic advising, campus services, and campus climate. Multiple validated instruments exist (e.g., Student Satisfaction Index), each capturing dimensions of the student exp

2件の出典1997

User Experience Questionnaire

The User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), developed by Laugwitz, Held, and Schrepp in 2008, is a practical instrument for assessing user experience of interactive products and systems. It measures six dimensions of user experience using semantic differential item pairs, balancing comprehensive coverage with brevity (26

1件の出典2008

information systems

UTAUT Questionnaire

The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was developed by Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, and Davis in 2003 and published in MIS Quarterly. UTAUT integrates insights from eight prior technology acceptance theories into a unified framework, identifying four core constructs—Performance Expectancy, Effort

2件の出典2003

social psychology

Utrecht Work Engagement Scale

The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) is a 17-item instrument measuring work engagement—a positive, fulfilling psychological state characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption in work. Developed by Wilmar Schaufeli and colleagues in 2002, the UWES operationalizes engagement as the positive antipode to burnout,

3件の出典2002

analytical chemistry

UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

UV-Vis spectrophotometry is an optical analytical technique that measures the absorption of ultraviolet and visible light (wavelengths 190–900 nm) by substances in solution. Founded on the Beer-Lambert law (developed by August Beer and Pierre Bouguer), it is one of the oldest and most widely used quantitative analytica

3件の出典1852

Value-Added Modeling

Value-Added Modeling (VAM) is a method for assessing the contribution of schools or teachers to student achievement growth, developed by Sanders and Horn (1998). VAM isolates the effect of a teacher or school by comparing student gains (value added) while controlling for prior achievement and student characteristics.

3件の出典1998

Van Westendorp Price Sensitivity Meter

The Van Westendorp Price Sensitivity Meter is a market research method developed by Peter van Westendorp in 1993 for assessing consumer price perception and estimating willingness-to-pay ranges without directly asking customers their maximum price. The method uses four simple questions about price acceptability, yieldi

3件の出典1993

developmental assessment

Vanderbilt ADHD Rating Scale

The Vanderbilt Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale, developed by Mark Wolraich and colleagues in 2003, is a validated screening instrument for identifying ADHD symptoms and comorbid behavioral/emotional problems in children aged 6–12 years. Available in parent and teacher versions, it is widely

2件の出典2003

VAP

The Vestibular Activities and Participation (VAP) scale is a patient-reported measure designed to assess limitations in activities of daily living and restrictions in social participation resulting from vestibular dysfunction. Developed within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)

2件の出典2005

Variable Rate Application

Variable Rate Application (VRA) is a precision agriculture technique that adjusts the quantity of inputs — such as fertilisers, pesticides, seeds, or water — across different zones of a field based on georeferenced soil and crop data. Rather than applying a uniform rate across an entire field, VRA delivers the right in

2件の出典1980

Vasculitis Damage Index

The VDI is a clinician-assessed measure of permanent organ damage in patients with systemic vasculitis, including ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), polyarteritis nodosa, and other necrotising vasculitides. Introduced by Exley et al. (2003), VDI captures cumulative irreversible damage across organ systems, complementing

1件の出典2003

VF-14

The VF-14 is a 14-item, disease-specific functional status questionnaire developed to measure visual disability from cataract and its response to cataract surgery. Created by Steinberg, Tielsch, and colleagues (1994), the VF-14 focuses on difficulty with 14 common daily activities (e.g., reading small print, driving da

2件の出典1994

Vision-ADL

The Vision-Related Activities of Daily Living (Vision-ADL) Scale is a comprehensive instrument measuring self-reported difficulty with vision-dependent daily activities across a wide spectrum of vision loss severities. Developed by Massof, Stelmack, and colleagues at the Johns Hopkins Low Vision Clinic and VA Low Visio

2件の出典2000

clinical assessment

Visual Analog Scale for Pain

The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a 10-centimeter line for measuring pain intensity, developed by Huskisson in 1974. Patients mark their current pain level along the continuum from no pain to worst pain imaginable. It remains one of the most widely used single-item pain measures in clinical practice and research.

2件の出典1974

VO2 Max (Bruce Protocol)

VO2 max represents the maximum amount of oxygen a person can utilize during intense exercise, measured in millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min). Developed by Robert Bruce in 1963, the Bruce Protocol is a graded maximal exercise test on a motorized treadmill that incrementally increase

3件の出典1963

speech language pathology

Voice Handicap Index

The Voice Handicap Index (VHI) is a 30-item self-report questionnaire that measures the impact of voice disorders on quality of life and functional communication. Developed by Jacobson and colleagues in 1997, it quantifies the psychosocial, physical, and emotional burden of dysphonia across functional, physical, and em

3件の出典1997

analytical chemistry

Voltammetry

Voltammetry is an electrochemical analytical technique that studies chemical reactions and properties of substances by measuring the current response as the potential applied to an electrode is systematically varied. Developed by Jaroslav Heyrovsky in the 1920s (polarography), modern voltammetry has become essential fo

3件の出典1922

VOS

The Voice Outcome Survey (VOS), also known as the Voice Handicap Index (VHI), is a 30-item self-report questionnaire assessing the psychosocial, functional, and physical impact of voice disorders on quality of life. Developed by Jacobson and colleagues in 1997, the VOS/VHI has become the standard outcome measure in lar

1件の出典1997

Voxel-Based Morphometry

Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) is a whole-brain statistical technique for detecting local differences in gray matter volume or concentration from structural MRI. Introduced by John Ashburner and Karl Friston in 2000, VBM enables researchers to identify regional brain volume changes associated with disease, aging, learni

2件の出典2000

forensic psychology

VRAG

The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) is an actuarial instrument developed by Harris, Rice, and Quinsey (1993) to estimate the probability of violent recidivism among adult male offenders released from forensic psychiatric hospitals. It represents one of the earliest empirically validated violence prediction tools a

2件の出典1993

VSS

The Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS) is a self-report questionnaire assessing the frequency and severity of vertigo and associated symptoms (nausea, lightheadedness, visual disturbance, head motion intolerance). Developed by Yardley et al. in 1992, the VSS measures symptom burden rather than handicap, making it distinct fro

1件の出典1992

environmental engineering

Wastewater Treatment Design

Wastewater treatment design is the comprehensive planning and engineering of municipal and industrial treatment plants to remove contaminants (organic matter, nutrients, pathogens, trace organics) from domestic and industrial wastewater. Modern treatment plants integrate preliminary screening, primary settlement, secon

3件の出典1900

Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment

The Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale, developed by Judy Waterlow in 1985, is a widely used clinical tool in nursing for identifying patients at risk of developing pressure injuries (formerly called pressure ulcers or bedsores). The scale evaluates multiple risk factors including age, mobility, skin condit

2件の出典1985

nutritional science

WBIS

The Weight Bias Internalization Scale is an 11-item self-report instrument designed to measure the degree to which individuals with overweight or obesity internalize negative weight-based societal stereotypes and apply them to themselves. Developed by Durso and Latner in 2008, the WBIS measures self-directed weight sti

2件の出典2008

survey methodology

Web Scraping

Web scraping is a computational data collection technique in which software automatically retrieves and extracts structured or semi-structured content from websites. Widely used in social science, computational linguistics, economics, and information science, it enables researchers to assemble large datasets from publi

2件の出典1990

Weed Density Mapping

Weed Density Mapping is a spatial survey pipeline for measuring and mapping weed distributions across fields to support targeted herbicide application and management decisions. Developed by Gerhards, Christensen, and others in precision agriculture (2000s), this method combines field sampling or remote sensing with geo

2件の出典2003

Weibull Diameter Distribution

The Weibull diameter distribution is a flexible three-parameter probability model used to describe the size-class distribution (proportion of trees by diameter class) in forest stands. Introduced by Bailey and Dell in 1973, the Weibull function provides an excellent fit to observed diameter distributions across diverse

2件の出典1973

survey methodology

Weighted Quota Sampling

Weighted quota sampling combines quota sampling — recruiting a set number of respondents matching pre-specified demographic cells — with post-collection statistical weighting that adjusts each respondent's contribution to match known population proportions. The result is a non-probability design with a bias-correction

survey methodology

Weighted Sampling

Weighted sampling is a probability-based design in which units are selected with unequal probabilities proportional to a known auxiliary measure of size or importance. Sampling weights — the inverse of inclusion probabilities — are applied during analysis so that each sampled unit correctly represents the population un

2件の出典1940

survey methodology

Weighted Snowball Sampling

Weighted snowball sampling is a chain-referral technique in which participants recruit peers from a hidden or hard-to-reach population, and differential inclusion probabilities are estimated and corrected through statistical weights. Unlike basic snowball sampling, the weighting step allows approximately unbiased popul

2件の出典1997

survey methodology

Weighted Stratified Sampling

Weighted stratified sampling divides a population into non-overlapping strata and draws a probability sample from each stratum, then attaches a design weight to every selected unit so that estimates correctly represent the full population. Weights compensate for unequal selection probabilities that arise from dispropor

2件の出典1953

survey methodology

Weighted Systematic Sampling

Weighted systematic sampling selects units at equal spacing along a cumulative-weight axis rather than along a simple list index. By ordering the population and accumulating auxiliary size or importance weights before applying a fixed sampling interval, it combines the operational simplicity of systematic sampling with

2件の出典1950

survey methodology

Weighted Typical Case Sampling

Weighted typical case sampling combines the purposive logic of typical case selection — choosing cases that represent the modal, average, or most common profile of a population — with post-selection probability weighting. The result is a sample that is both substantively representative (cases reflect the norm) and stat

2件の出典1990

clinical assessment

Wells Score for DVT

The Wells score, developed by Wells et al. in 1994, is a clinical prediction rule that stratifies patients into low, intermediate, or high pretest probability of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It combines seven clinical features to guide diagnostic testing decisions and reduce unnecessary imaging in suspected DVT patients

2件の出典1994

anxiety disorders

Westside Test Anxiety Scale

The Westside Test Anxiety Scale (WTAS) is a 10-item self-report questionnaire measuring the intensity of anxiety and worry experienced before, during, and after academic tests. Developed by Ralph Driscoll and validated in 2007, the WTAS assesses the cognitive (worry, negative self-talk) and somatic (tension, trembling,

1件の出典2007

WFNS Scale

The WFNS Scale is a standardized grading system for assessing severity and prognosis in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) published by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies in 1988. The five-point scale combines the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) with presence of motor deficit to classify SAH severity. The WFNS Scale i

1件の出典1988

positive psychology

WHO-5 Well-Being Index

The WHO-5 is a 5-item screening instrument measuring current well-being over the past two weeks. Developed by the World Health Organization in 1998, it assesses positive mental health states and is widely used in both research and clinical practice to identify individuals at risk for depression. Its brevity, validity,

1件の出典1998

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