残障与特殊教育
特殊教育为残障学习者及有特殊教育需求的学生提供有针对性的教学与支持服务。
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Scope
本领域涵盖残障的识别与评估、个别化教学、融合教育与最少限制环境，以及特殊教育政策。
Sub-topics
- Mild Disabilities
- Academic Accommodations (Disabilities)
- Adventitious Impairments
- Congenital Impairments
- Accessibility (for Disabled)
- Mainstreaming
- Alzheimers Disease
- Neurological Impairments
- American Sign Language
- Sign Language
- Attention Deficit Disorders
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Hyperactivity
- Aphasia
- Language Impairments
- Communication Disorders
- Dyslexia
- Perceptual Impairments
- Speech Impairments
- Developmental Disabilities
- Intellectual Disability
- Learning Disabilities
- Articulation Impairments
- Speech Therapy
- Augmentative and Alternative Communication
- Normalization (Disabilities)
- Attitudes toward Disabilities
- Visual Impairments
- Hearing Impairments
- Hearing Therapy
- Speech Language Pathology
- Daily Living Skills
- Blindness
- Braille
- Deaf Blind
- Partial Vision
- Tactile Adaptation
- Head Injuries
- Residential Care
- Respite Care
- Cerebral Palsy
- Multiple Disabilities
- Disabilities
- Assistive Technology
- Deaf Interpreting
- Physical Mobility
- Students with Disabilities
- Severity (of Disability)
- Oral Communication Method
- Community Based Instruction (Disabilities)
- Group Homes
- Institutionalized Persons
- Disability Identification
- Lipreading
- Travel Training
- Deafness
- Severe Disabilities
- Individualized Family Service Plans
- Epilepsy
- Gifted Disabled
- Parents with Disabilities
- Sheltered Workshops
- Special Education Teachers
- Adapted Physical Education
- Special Education
- Slow Learners
- Seizures
- Homebound
- Large Type Materials
Core questions
- 残障学习者应如何接受教育？
- 特殊教育需求如何得到识别？
- 残障学生是否应纳入主流教育环境？
- 如何实现教学的个别化？
Key concepts
- 特殊教育需求
- 融合教育
- 个别化教学
- 最少限制环境
- 残障
- 主流化
Key theories
- 所有学习者皆具可教育性
- Itard 对「阿韦龙野孩」的教育实践证明，曾被认为不可教育者同样能够学习。
- 对隔离教育的批判
- Dunn 质疑了隔离式特殊班级的合理性，推动了融合教育运动的兴起。
- 特殊教育需求
- 《沃诺克报告》将残障重新定义为教育需求的连续谱系，对相关政策产生了深远影响。
History
特殊教育从早期可教育性的实践探索（Itard、Séguin）发展至20世纪中叶对隔离教育的批判（Dunn）与融合教育运动，并通过特殊需求政策（Warnock）及权利立法得以制度化。
Debates
- 融合教育与专门安置之争
- 残障学习者究竟在主流环境还是专门教育环境中能获得更好的教育，学界存在持续争论。
Key figures
- Jean Itard
- Lloyd Dunn
- Mary Warnock
Related topics
Seminal works
- itard-1801
- dunn-1968
- warnock-1978
Frequently asked questions
- 特殊教育中的融合教育是什么？
- 在提供适当支持的前提下，将残障学生与同龄人一同安置于主流教育环境中接受教育的实践。