ScholarGate
助手

观察性设计

42 种方法属于此方法族。

精选

比较横断面研究Comparative cross-sectional research is a quantitative observational design that measures and compares characteristics, attitudes, or outcomes across two or more pre-defined groupsComparative Descriptive ResearchComparative descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, or conditions across two or more nat比较纵向研究Comparative longitudinal research tracks two or more distinct groups across multiple time points, enabling researchers to observe how outcomes change over time and whether those tr比较追踪研究Comparative panel research tracks the same individuals, organizations, or macro-level units (e.g., countries, regions) across multiple time points while simultaneously comparing fi比较趋势研究Comparative trend research is a quantitative non-experimental design that tracks changes in one or more variables over time within two or more distinct groups or populations. By dr并行案例聚焦混合方法Concurrent case-focused mixed methods is a research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected simultaneously — rather than in sequence — and both strands are

阅读路径

本主题被引用最多的基础方法，按其提出的先后顺序排列——若您初次接触，不妨从这里开始。

  1. 纵向定量内容分析1950s onward; longitudinal application widely adopted in media research by the 1970s–1980s作者：Developed within communication and media studies; codified by Berelson (1952) and extended by Riffe, Lacy, Fico
  2. 纵向调查研究Mid-20th century (formalized ~1950s–1970s)作者：Survey methodology tradition; codified in social sciences by scholars including W.S. Robinson (1950) and later Scott Menard
  3. 趋势研究Mid-20th century (formalised in social science methodology ~1950s–1960s)作者：Earl Babbie and survey research tradition
  4. 纵向因果比较研究1970s–1980s (as an established combined design in educational and social research)作者：Synthesized from causal-comparative tradition (Kerlinger, 1973) and longitudinal design frameworks (Goldstein, 1979)
  5. 纵向确认性研究1970s onward; consolidated in SEM literature from 1990s作者：Synthesized from longitudinal design traditions (e.g., Baltes & Nesselroade, 1979) and confirmatory analytic frameworks (Joreskog, 1969)
  6. 纵向模型检验研究1970s–1990s (SEM foundations by Joreskog 1970; longitudinal SEM elaborated through 1990s–2000s)作者：Synthesized from longitudinal panel design and SEM tradition (Joreskog, Bollen, Singer & Willett)
  7. 面板研究1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s作者：Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s
  8. 纵向研究Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century作者：No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett
本栏架上的全部方法 ↓

全部方法 42

比较横断面研究Comparative Descriptive Research比较纵向研究比较追踪研究比较趋势研究并行案例聚焦混合方法横断面因果比较研究横断面事后研究设计横断面定量内容分析等值权重案例聚焦混合方法纵向因果比较研究纵向队列研究纵向确认性研究纵向横截面研究追踪已有群体随时间变化的纵向事后研究设计纵向解释性研究纵向假设检验研究纵向模型检验研究纵向定量内容分析纵向研究纵向调查研究多变量队列研究多变量横断面研究多变量纵向研究Multivariate Panel Research面板研究基于面板的因果比较研究基于队列的纵向研究基于面板的验证性研究基于面板的横断面研究基于面板的描述性研究面板式事后设计基于面板的探索性定量研究基于面板的观察性定量研究基于面板的定量内容分析基于面板的调查研究基于面板的趋势研究定性主导的案例聚焦混合方法设计定量主导的案例聚焦混合方法顺序案例聚焦混合方法模拟辅助横断面研究趋势研究

研究设计与策略 中的更多内容

问题、理论与框架 192实验与准实验 106