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สำรวจวิทยาศาสตร์ตามวิธีวิจัย สาขา และหลักฐาน

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เรียงลำดับความนิยมA–ZZ–Aใหม่ล่าสุด
experimental design

AB Design

The AB design is the simplest single-subject experimental design, consisting of two sequential phases: a baseline phase (A) in which the target behavior is observed under natural conditions without intervention, followed by an intervention phase (B) in which the treatment or manipulation is introduced. Changes in the b

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1960
experimental design

ABA Design

The ABA design is a single-subject experimental design that demonstrates experimental control through three sequential phases: a baseline phase (A1), an intervention phase (B), and a return-to-baseline withdrawal phase (A2). By removing the intervention in the final phase and observing whether behavior reverts toward b

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1968
experimental design

ABAB design

The ABAB design is a single-subject experimental methodology that establishes causal control by repeatedly introducing and removing an intervention. A baseline phase (A) is followed by an intervention phase (B), then a return to baseline (A), and a second intervention phase (B), allowing the researcher to demonstrate t

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1960
experimental design

Adaptive Clinical Trial Design

Adaptive clinical trial design is a flexible experimental framework, formalised by Bauer and Köhne in 1994, in which pre-specified rules allow the trial to be modified mid-course — adjusting sample size, treatment arms, or randomisation ratios — based on accumulating interim data while rigorously controlling the Type I

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1994
experimental design

Adaptive Control Group Experimental Design

An adaptive control group experimental design is an experiment that assigns participants to at least one treatment arm and one concurrent control group, while allowing pre-specified modifications to the trial — such as sample size re-estimation, early stopping, or allocation ratio changes — based on accumulating data.

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1994
field methods

Archaeological Stratigraphy

Archaeological stratigraphy is the systematic excavation and recording of soil layers, deposits, and features at an archaeological site in order to establish the relative chronological sequence of human activity. Grounded in the geological law of superposition — that lower layers are older than those above — it uses th

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1973
qualitative

Axial Coding

Axial coding is the second major analytical step in grounded theory analysis, performed after open coding. Introduced by Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin in 1990, it involves systematically re-examining and reorganising the many discrete codes generated during open coding by identifying a central (axial) category and m

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1990
research design

Case-Focused Mixed Methods Design

Case-focused mixed methods design integrates qualitative and quantitative data-collection strands within one or more bounded cases — specific settings, organizations, programs, or individuals. The design harnesses the contextual depth of case study methodology alongside the corroborative or complementary power of mixed

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
qualitative

Comparative autoethnography

Comparative autoethnography is a qualitative design in which two or more researchers — or research participants — independently produce first-person self-narratives about a shared phenomenon and then systematically compare those accounts to generate broader cultural insight. By juxtaposing lived experiences that differ

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1979
qualitative

Comparative Biographical Research

Comparative biographical research is a qualitative design that gathers in-depth life-story accounts from multiple participants and systematically compares them to identify structural patterns, commonalities, and divergences across individual biographies. Rooted in the sociological life-history tradition, it moves beyon

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1970
qualitative

Comparative Case Study

Comparative case study is a qualitative research design in which two or more bounded cases are studied in depth and then systematically compared to identify similarities, differences, and patterns across contexts. Rooted in Yin's replication logic and Stake's multiple case framework, it is particularly suited to questi

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1984
qualitative

Comparative classic grounded theory

Comparative classic grounded theory is a qualitative research design that applies Glaser and Strauss's original Glaserian grounded theory procedures across two or more deliberately selected comparison groups, settings, or time points. The constant comparative method — the analytical engine of classic GT — is extended s

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1967
qualitative

Comparative Thematic Analysis

Comparative Thematic Analysis applies the structured procedures of thematic analysis across two or more distinct groups, sites, or time points, with the explicit aim of identifying both shared patterns and meaningful differences. Rather than producing a single composite account of experience, it yields a layered analys

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
qualitative

Critical Ethnography

Critical ethnography is a qualitative research approach that combines sustained fieldwork immersion with explicit critical theory to examine how power, inequality, and ideology shape the lived experiences of marginalised communities. Unlike conventional ethnography, which aims to describe a culture as it is, critical e

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1980
qualitative

Critical Thematic Analysis

Critical thematic analysis (CTA) is a qualitative approach that combines the systematic coding procedures of Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis with the interrogative stance of critical theory. Rather than merely describing patterns in data, CTA asks whose interests those patterns serve, what power relations they ref

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
qualitative research

Data Saturation in Qualitative Research

Data saturation is a foundational principle in qualitative research describing the point at which data collection yields no new themes, codes, or insights—additional data becomes redundant. Introduced by Glaser and Strauss (1967) in their work on grounded theory, saturation guides decisions about sample size and when t

4 แหล่งอ้างอิง1967
qualitative research

Document Analysis

Document analysis is a systematic qualitative research method for examining written, visual, or audiovisual sources—such as policy documents, historical records, organizational records, media reports, emails, social media posts, photographs, or videos—to extract meaning, identify patterns, and understand social phenome

4 แหล่งอ้างอิง1920
archaeology

Electron Spin Resonance Dating

Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating is a chronometric method that determines the age of bones, teeth, mollusk shells, and sediments by measuring accumulated radiation-induced unpaired electrons. Developed by Michael Aitken in the 1980s, ESR detects free radicals trapped in mineral crystal structures. Unlike luminescen

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1980
qualitative

Framework Analysis

Framework Analysis is a structured qualitative method developed by Jane Ritchie and Liz Spencer at the UK National Centre for Social Research in 1994. It organises qualitative data into a thematic matrix — the analytical framework — enabling systematic comparison across participants and themes. Originally designed for

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1994
qualitative

Interpretive document analysis

Interpretive document analysis is a qualitative method that systematically examines written, visual, or digital documents to construct meaning from them within their social, historical, and institutional contexts. Rather than simply counting content categories, it reads documents as social artefacts — asking not only w

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
qualitative

Interpretive Thematic Analysis

Interpretive thematic analysis is a form of thematic analysis conducted from an interpretivist or constructivist epistemological standpoint. Rather than treating themes as residing in the data waiting to be discovered, the researcher actively constructs meaning through their engagement with the data. Built on Braun and

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2006
qualitative

Longitudinal Thematic Analysis

Longitudinal Thematic Analysis (LTA) extends standard thematic analysis to data collected at multiple time points from the same participants or contexts. Rather than producing a single cross-sectional account, LTA maps how themes emerge, persist, transform, or disappear over time, enabling researchers to understand cha

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
qualitative

Open Coding

Open coding is the first, exploratory phase of qualitative data analysis in which raw text — interviews, field notes, or documents — is broken into discrete segments and labelled with short descriptive codes. Developed within grounded theory by Glaser and Strauss and later elaborated by Strauss and Corbin, the procedur

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1967
archaeology

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is a chronometric method that determines the age of sedimentary materials by measuring light-induced electron release from mineral grains. Developed by David Huntley and colleagues in the 1980s, it measures the time elapsed since sediment was last exposed to sunlight. This

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1985
qualitative

Participatory Reflexive thematic analysis

Participatory Reflexive Thematic Analysis (Participatory RTA) integrates Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis framework with participatory research principles, actively involving participants as co-analysts in generating, reviewing, or refining themes from qualitative data. The approach is simultaneously a me

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2006
qualitative research

Qualitative Content Analysis

Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) is a systematic, inductive method for analyzing textual or visual data by identifying and categorizing meaning units into content categories. Developed and formalized by Klaus Krippendorff (1980), QCA can be purely qualitative (inductive, exploratory) or combined with quantitative cou

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1980
qualitative

Reflexive Thematic Analysis

Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA) is a widely used qualitative method for identifying, analysing, and interpreting patterns of shared meaning — called themes — across a dataset. Developed by Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke, it is theoretically flexible, works across epistemological positions, and foregrounds the res

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2006
qualitative

Semi-Structured Interview

The semi-structured interview is a qualitative data-collection method in which the researcher prepares a set of key questions or topic areas in advance but remains free to probe, follow up, and reorder as the conversation evolves. Unlike structured interviews — which fix every question and sequence — or unstructured in

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1946
qualitative research

Thematic Analysis

Thematic Analysis (TA) is a qualitative research methodology for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) in qualitative data. Developed systematically by Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke (2006), TA is flexible and accessible, applicable across diverse theoretical frameworks and data types, making it o

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง2006
archaeology

Thermoluminescence Dating

Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is a chronometric technique that determines the age of pottery, ceramics, and sediments by measuring light emitted when heated to high temperatures. Pioneered by Michael Aitken in the 1960s, it quantifies the accumulated radiation dose stored in mineral crystal lattices. The method revolu

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1960
archaeology

Uranium-Thorium Dating

Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dating is a chronometric method that determines the age of carbonates, shells, bones, and coral by measuring the ratio of uranium isotopes to thorium-230. First applied by Harmon Craig in the 1950s, it exploits the natural radioactive decay chain of uranium. U-Th dating is particularly valuable f

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1955
qualitative

Visual Elicitation Thematic Analysis

Visual elicitation thematic analysis (VETA) is a qualitative method that uses photographs, drawings, or other images as interview stimuli to provoke richer verbal accounts, then subjects those accounts to systematic thematic analysis. By grounding conversation in concrete visual material, the method unlocks meanings, m

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
qualitative research

Action Research

Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, a

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1946
experimental design

Adaptive AB Design

The adaptive AB design is a single-subject experimental design that retains the two-phase baseline-then-intervention structure of the classic AB design but replaces fixed session-count rules with pre-specified data-driven criteria — such as stability thresholds or trend benchmarks — that determine when to transition be

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1968
experimental design

Adaptive ABA Design

The Adaptive ABA Design is a single-subject experimental framework that follows the classic three-phase ABA withdrawal structure — baseline (A1), intervention (B), and return-to-baseline (A2) — while embedding prospective decision rules that allow researchers or clinicians to extend, shorten, or otherwise modify each p

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1968
experimental design

Adaptive ABAB Design

The Adaptive ABAB Design is a single-subject experimental methodology that extends the classic ABAB reversal design by incorporating data-driven, prospective decision rules to determine when to transition between baseline (A) and intervention (B) phases. Rather than fixing phase lengths in advance, the researcher uses

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1984
experimental design

Adaptive Experiment

An adaptive experiment is an experimental design in which pre-specified rules allow the protocol to be modified — such as reallocating participants to better-performing arms, stopping early for efficacy or futility, or changing sample size — based on accumulating interim data, while maintaining statistical validity. Ad

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1940
experimental design

Adaptive Field Experiment

An adaptive field experiment is a randomized study conducted in a real-world environment in which pre-specified decision rules allow the researcher to modify the trial as interim data accumulate — for example, by reallocating participants toward more effective arms, adjusting sample size, or stopping early for efficacy

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1990
experimental design

Adaptive Fractional Factorial Experiment

An adaptive fractional factorial experiment combines the resource-efficiency of fractional factorial designs with a sequential, data-driven strategy for selecting which factors and interactions to investigate next. Rather than committing all experimental runs upfront, the researcher analyses results from an initial fra

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1950
experimental design

Adaptive Full Factorial Experiment

An adaptive full factorial experiment is an experimental design that starts with a complete crossing of all factors and all their levels, then uses interim data to modify subsequent runs — dropping unpromising factor levels, adding new ones, or re-allocating replication — while preserving the full factorial structure w

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1950
experimental design

Adaptive Laboratory Experiment

An adaptive laboratory experiment is a controlled experimental design conducted in a laboratory setting where pre-specified decision rules allow modifications to the study — such as sample size, treatment allocation, or stopping criteria — based on accumulating data. Unlike fixed designs, adaptive designs incorporate p

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1947
experimental design

Adaptive Multi-Arm Experiment

An adaptive multi-arm experiment simultaneously evaluates several treatment conditions against a common control and modifies the trial in real time based on accumulating data — dropping ineffective arms early, reallocating participants toward promising ones, or adjusting sample sizes — all while controlling error rates

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
experimental design

Adaptive Multiple Baseline Design

The Adaptive Multiple Baseline Design is a single-case experimental design that applies the standard multiple baseline logic — staggering intervention onset across two or more tiers (behaviors, settings, or participants) — but allows phase-change decisions to be guided by ongoing data review rather than fixed, pre-spec

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1968
experimental design

Adaptive Natural Experiment

An adaptive natural experiment combines the causal logic of the natural experiment — exploiting real-world events that assign individuals to conditions in a plausibly exogenous way — with pre-specified adaptive monitoring rules that allow the analytic protocol to be modified based on accumulating data. This hybrid desi

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
experimental design

Adaptive Pretest-Posttest Experimental Design

An adaptive pretest-posttest experimental design measures all participants before and after an intervention while allowing pre-specified modifications to the trial — such as sample size re-estimation, treatment arm dropping, or randomization ratio adjustment — based on accumulated interim data. It combines the interpre

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
experimental design

Adaptive Randomized Controlled Trial

An adaptive randomized controlled trial (adaptive RCT) is an experimental design in which pre-specified rules allow modifications to the trial while it is ongoing — such as changing allocation ratios, dropping underperforming arms, or stopping early for efficacy or futility — based on accumulating interim data. These a

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1980
experimental design

Adaptive Single-Subject Experimental Design

Adaptive single-subject experimental design (adaptive SSED) is an experimental methodology in which a single participant or unit is repeatedly observed under systematically alternated conditions — baseline and intervention — while pre-specified decision rules allow the researcher or clinician to modify treatment parame

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1960
experimental design

Adaptive Solomon Four-Group Design

The Adaptive Solomon Four-Group Design combines the pretest-sensitization control of Solomon's classic four-group structure with response-adaptive randomization, allowing interim outcome data to update the allocation probabilities across the four groups as the study progresses. This hybrid preserves the design's abilit

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1949
media studies

Agenda-Setting Analysis

Agenda-Setting Analysis is an empirical method for investigating the influence of media coverage on what issues the public considers important. Developed by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw (1972), the approach tests a core hypothesis about media effects: media coverage does not tell people what to think, but rather wha

4 แหล่งอ้างอิง1972
archaeology

Archaeomagnetic Dating

Archaeomagnetic dating uses changes in Earth's magnetic field intensity and direction recorded in fired clay artifacts to determine age. Pioneered by Robert Coe in the 1960s, the method measures the magnetization of pottery and baked clay features, comparing measurements to a master curve of geomagnetic variation throu

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1968
media studies

Auteur Theory Analysis

Auteur Theory Analysis is a critical framework for studying cinema through the lens of directorial authorship, examining how individual directors express consistent themes, visual style, and ideological perspectives across multiple films. Developed by French critics of Cahiers du Cinéma (notably François Truffaut) and

4 แหล่งอ้างอิง1954
qualitative

Autoethnography

Autoethnography is a qualitative research method in which the researcher uses systematic self-reflection and personal narrative to examine their own experiences within a cultural, social, or organizational context. By treating the self as both subject and instrument, autoethnography connects individual lived experience

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1979
qualitative

Biographical Research

Biographical research is a qualitative method that examines individual lives in depth — through life-history interviews, personal documents, letters, and autobiographical narratives — to understand how personal experience intersects with social, historical, and cultural forces. Rooted in Wilhelm Dilthey's hermeneutics

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1883
experimental design

Blocked AB Design

The Blocked AB Design applies the logic of randomized block experimental design to the classic single-subject AB framework. Observation sessions are organized into blocks — matched sets of time points or contextual units — and the assignment of baseline (A) and treatment (B) phases is randomized within each block. This

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1970
experimental design

Blocked ABA Design

The Blocked ABA Design is a single-subject experimental approach that combines the classic ABA reversal logic (baseline, intervention, withdrawal) with block-based session organization to control for time-related or contextual nuisance variation. By grouping observation sessions into blocks — such as days, weeks, or se

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1960
experimental design

Blocked Full Factorial Experiment

A blocked full factorial experiment tests every combination of all factor levels while grouping experimental runs into homogeneous blocks to isolate a known nuisance variable. This design preserves the power to detect all main effects and interactions of the factors of interest while preventing batch-to-batch, day-to-d

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1935
experimental design

Blocked Laboratory Experiment

A blocked laboratory experiment is a controlled laboratory study in which experimental units are grouped into homogeneous blocks before treatment assignment, and treatments are then randomly assigned within each block. Blocking removes the influence of a known nuisance variable — such as participant batch, equipment ru

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1926
experimental design

Blocked Multiple Baseline Design

A blocked multiple baseline design is a single-subject experimental approach that combines the logic of the multiple baseline design with blocking — the systematic grouping of participants, behaviors, or settings into matched sets — to reduce extraneous variability and strengthen causal inference. The intervention is i

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1968
experimental design

Blocked Natural Experiment

A blocked natural experiment is a quasi-experimental design that exploits naturally occurring, researcher-uncontrolled variation in treatment assignment while pre-stratifying (blocking) units on key observed covariates. Blocking absorbs between-stratum variance, improves statistical precision, and strengthens the plaus

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1935
experimental design

Blocked Pretest-Posttest Experimental Design

The blocked pretest-posttest experimental design combines blocking — grouping participants into homogeneous strata before randomization — with pre- and post-intervention measurement. Blocking controls for known sources of variability (e.g., baseline ability, gender, site), while the pretest-posttest structure quantifie

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1935
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