Explore a ciência por método, campo e evidência.

Data Federation

Data federation is an approach to integrating data from heterogeneous, autonomous, distributed databases without requiring centralized storage. Formalized by Sheth and Larson in 1990, federated systems provide a unified interface to query multiple independent sources while preserving their autonomy and existing schemas

3 fontes1990

Data Warehousing

Data warehousing is an approach to designing integrated repositories of historical business data optimized for analysis and reporting. Pioneered by William Inmon and Ralph Kimball in the early 1990s, data warehouses consolidate data from diverse operational sources into a centralized, time-stamped, non-volatile store s

3 fontes1992

Database Normalization

Database normalization is a systematic process for organizing relational database schemas to eliminate redundancy and enforce data integrity. Introduced by Edgar Codd in 1970-1971 as part of the relational database model, it defines a series of normal forms (1NF through BCNF) that progressively eliminate different type

3 fontes1970

Database Partitioning

Database partitioning is a technique for dividing large tables across multiple physical storage units or servers to improve performance and scalability. Developed in the context of distributed databases, partitioning allows individual queries to access smaller subsets of data, reducing I/O and enabling horizontal scali

3 fontes1986

social psychology

De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale

The De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale is one of the most extensively used brief instruments for measuring loneliness in population surveys, clinical research, and gerontological studies. Developed by Jenny De Jong Gierveld and Fons Kamphuis in 1985, the 11-item scale (with a shorter 6-item version available) measures e

2 fontes1985

nutritional science

DEBQ

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is a 33-item self-report instrument designed to assess three distinct eating behavior patterns: restrained eating (cognitive control of food intake), emotional eating (eating in response to negative emotions), and external eating (responsiveness to food cues). Developed by van St

2 fontes1986

remote sensing

Deep Remote Sensing

Deep Learning for Remote Sensing Image Segmentation applies convolutional neural networks and encoder-decoder architectures to automatically classify and delineate objects in satellite or aerial imagery at the pixel level. Systematically reviewed by Zhu et al. (2017) in IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, this

1 fonte2017

reliability

Degradation Models

Degradation models estimate product lifetime by tracking measurable performance characteristics—such as crack length, light output, or insulation resistance—over time rather than waiting for outright failure. Introduced in rigorous form by Meeker, Escobar, and Lu (1998), these models fit a stochastic degradation path t

1 fonte1998

nursing

Delirium Observation Screening Scale

The Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DOS), developed by Mieke J. Schuurmans and colleagues in 2003, is a brief clinician-rated screening instrument designed to detect delirium in hospitalized older adults. Delirium—acute onset confusion, inattention, and disorganized thinking—is a common complication in hospitals

2 fontes2003

DeLone and McLean IS Success Model

The DeLone and McLean (D&M) Information Systems Success Model, introduced in 1992 and refined in 2003, provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating information system effectiveness across six dimensions: system quality, information quality, service quality, use, user satisfaction, and net benefits. Unlike acceptan

2 fontes1992

Delphi Technique

The Delphi technique is a structured, multi-round data collection method that harvests and refines expert opinion through iterative questionnaires and controlled feedback. Developed at RAND Corporation in the 1950s, it is designed to converge a dispersed expert panel toward a reliable consensus on complex, uncertain, o

2 fontes1950

agronomy

Dendrochronology

Dendrochronology is the science of dating and interpreting wood and climate from tree rings. Each annual ring records the tree's growth response to weather during that year: wide rings indicate favorable conditions (adequate water, warmth, light); narrow rings indicate stress (drought, cold, shade). By crossmatching ri

3 fontes1909

forestry

Dendrochronology Method

Dendrochronology is the science of dating and analyzing tree rings to reconstruct past climatic conditions, chronologies, and tree growth patterns. Pioneered by Andrew Ellicott Douglass in the early twentieth century and formalized by Fritts and colleagues, dendrochronology enables precise dating of historical wood sam

4 fontes1901

dentistry

Dental Erosion Index

The Dental Erosion Index is a systematic clinical assessment tool that quantifies the severity of tooth surface loss caused by non-carious erosive agents (acidic substances, mechanical abrasion, or biological factors). Multiple index systems exist (e.g., Lussi Index, Basic Erosive Wear Examination or BEWE), each scorin

3 fontes1990

clinical psychology

Depression Anxiety Stress Scales

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely

2 fontes1995

tourism management

Destination Image Scale

The Destination Image Scale (DIS) measures how potential or actual visitors perceive and emotionally evaluate a tourism destination. Developed by Echtner & Ritchie (1991) and extended by Baloglu & Brinberg (1997), it captures both rational beliefs about destination attributes (attractions, climate, value, safety) and a

4 fontes1991

Deviant Case Sampling

Deviant case sampling is a purposive qualitative sampling strategy in which the researcher intentionally selects cases that are unusual, exceptional, or markedly different from the norm — outliers, extreme successes, or conspicuous failures. The goal is not statistical representation but deep learning from cases that i

2 fontes1990

medical imaging

DEXA

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) is a non-invasive imaging technique that quantifies bone mineral density (BMD) by measuring the attenuation of X-rays at two different energies as they pass through bone and soft tissue. First developed by Wahner and colleagues in 1987, DEXA has become the gold standard fo

3 fontes1987

bereavement psychology

DGS

The Disenfranchised Grief Scale (DGS), developed from Kenneth J. Doka's conceptual framework, assesses grief that society does not recognize, validate, or support—grief that is excluded from public mourning rituals, openly acknowledged grief ceremonies, or institutional support. Examples include loss of a former spouse

1 fonte2002

cardiology

Diabetes Distress Scale

The Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) is a 17-item self-report measure that quantifies emotional and psychosocial distress specifically related to living with and managing diabetes. Developed by Polonsky and colleagues in 2005, the DDS captures diabetes-specific worries (e.g., regimen burden, fear of complications, social

1 fonte2005

cardiology

Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale

The Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (DASES) is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses a patient's confidence in their ability to manage key diabetes self-care tasks: medication adherence, glucose monitoring, diet management, exercise, and coping with symptoms or complications. Developed by Lorig and colleagues based

2 fontes2009

endocrinology

Diabetes Symptom Checklist

The Diabetes Symptom Checklist is a 34-item patient-reported outcome measure assessing the frequency and burden of symptoms directly related to diabetes and its complications. Developed by Grootenhuis and colleagues in 1994, it captures eight symptom dimensions including hyperglycemic symptoms, hypoglycemic symptoms, f

2 fontes1994

clinical research

Diagnostic Accuracy Study Design

A diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a new diagnostic test (or biomarker, imaging modality, clinical assessment) detects the presence or absence of disease compared to a reference standard (gold standard). Standardized since 2003 by the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) initiative

3 fontes2003

clinical psychology

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a comprehensive, multimodal psychosocial intervention developed by Marsha M. Linehan to treat individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and chronic suicidality. Combining cognitive-behavioral principles with dialectical philosophy and Zen principles, DBT is delivered t

2 fontes1993

Diary Method

The diary method is a data-collection technique in which participants record their thoughts, behaviours, events, or experiences in their own words at regular or event-contingent intervals over a defined study period. By capturing data close in time to the event, diaries reduce retrospective recall bias and give researc

2 fontes1920

psychology

Dichotic Listening

The Dichotic Listening Task is an auditory measure of selective attention and hemispheric lateralization. Different speech stimuli (words, digits, or syllables) are presented simultaneously to each ear via headphones. Participants attend to one ear (shadowing or repeating that information) while ignoring the other. Acc

3 fontes1953

psychology

Dictator Game

The Dictator Game is a simple economic decision task measuring generosity and prosocial behavior. One player (dictator) receives money and unilaterally decides how to allocate it between themselves and an anonymous second player (recipient). The recipient cannot reject the offer; they simply receive what the dictator g

3 fontes1994

Differential Item Functioning

Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing a

2 fontes1970

clinical psychology

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale

The DERS is a 36-item self-report measure assessing multidimensional emotion dysregulation across six related but distinct facets. Developed by Gratz and Roemer in 2004, it has become a cornerstone transdiagnostic measure in emotion regulation research, capturing emotional avoidance, behavioral dyscontrol, and limited

1 fonte2004

military psychology

Difficulty in Transition Scale

The Difficulty in Military-to-Civilian Transition Scale measures the severity of adjustment challenges experienced by separating and separated service members. It assesses distress across psychological, social, occupational, and identity domains as individuals transition from military life to civilian society. Used in

2 fontes2011

neuroimaging

Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging

Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging (DKI) is an advanced diffusion MRI technique that quantifies non-Gaussian diffusion of water molecules, providing detailed information about tissue microstructure beyond conventional diffusion tensor imaging. Introduced by Jensen and colleagues in 2005, DKI detects deviations from normal Gaus

2 fontes2005

marketing

Diffusion of Innovation Model

The Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) model is a theoretical framework developed by Everett Rogers in 1962 to explain how innovations spread through populations over time. The framework categorizes adopters into five groups based on when they adopt an innovation and describes the characteristic S-shaped curve that typicall

3 fontes1962

agronomy

Digital Soil Mapping

Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) is a quantitative, data-driven pipeline that predicts the spatial distribution of soil properties and classes across a landscape by statistically linking field observations to environmental covariates — terrain attributes, remote sensing imagery, climate surfaces, and geology layers. The appr

2 fontes1990

strategic management

Digital Transformation Readiness Scale

Digital Transformation Readiness refers to an organization's preparedness to successfully adopt digital technologies, redesign business processes, and develop new digital capabilities to compete in increasingly digital markets. Westerman, Bonnet, and McAfee (2014) identify nine elements of digital transformation spanni

3 fontes2014

social media psychology

Digital Wellbeing Scale

The Digital Wellbeing Scale is a multidimensional self-report instrument that assesses positive and negative aspects of technology use, capturing not just problematic behaviors but also digital resources supporting wellbeing. Developed by Azevedo and colleagues in 2022, this scale recognizes that digital engagement exi

1 fonte2022

DINA Model

The DINA Model (Deterministic Inputs, Noisy Outputs) is a cognitive diagnostic model developed by Junker and Sijtsma (2001) that classifies examinees into latent skill classes based on their item response patterns. DINA assumes a deterministic relationship between skill mastery and correct responses, with probabilistic

3 fontes2001

DINO Model

The DINO Model (Deterministic Inputs, Noisy Outputs—Disjunctive) is a cognitive diagnostic model that relaxes DINA's conjunctive (AND) skill requirement logic. DINO assumes an examinee only needs to master one of multiple possible skill pathways to answer an item correctly, making it suitable for scenarios where skills

3 fontes2006

rehabilitation science

Disability Rating Scale

The Disability Rating Scale (DRS) is a brief, clinician-administered measure specifically designed to assess the severity of disability and functional recovery across the entire spectrum of traumatic brain injury (TBI)—from acute coma to community reintegration. Developed by Rappaport and colleagues in 1982, DRS has be

2 fontes1982

Discriminant Validity

Discriminant validity is evidence that a latent construct is empirically distinct from other constructs it should differ from. Originating in Campbell and Fiske's multitrait-multimethod framework (1959), it is a core component of construct validity and a mandatory check in scale development and structural equation mode

2 fontes1959

rheumatology

Disease Activity Score 28

The DAS28 is a composite measure of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity, combining joint counts, inflammatory markers, and patient-reported global health. Developed in 1995 by Prevoo and colleagues, it has become the gold standard for monitoring RA activity in clinical trials and practice. It integrates objectiv

1 fonte1995

Disproportional cluster sampling

Disproportional cluster sampling is a probability-based survey design in which naturally occurring groups (clusters) are selected as primary sampling units, but the number of clusters or elements drawn from each group is not proportional to that group's share of the population. By deliberately over- or under-sampling c

2 fontes1950

Disproportional Stratified Sampling

Disproportional stratified sampling divides the population into mutually exclusive strata and deliberately draws different proportions from each stratum — oversampling small or analytically important subgroups and undersampling large ones. Post-hoc weighting restores population-level representativeness when overall est

2 fontes1934

sleep medicine

DISS

The Daytime Insomnia Symptom Scale (DISS) is a focused assessment tool measuring the daytime functional consequences and symptoms resulting from nighttime insomnia. Developed within research on sleep disturbance and daytime functioning, it captures the daytime manifestations of poor sleep: fatigue, concentration diffic

1 fonte2007

psychiatry

Dissociative Experiences Scale

The DES is a 28-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the frequency and severity of dissociative symptoms, including depersonalization (feeling detached from one's body), derealization (feeling the world is unreal), amnesia, absorption (intense focus), and identity confusion. Developed by Bernstein and Put

3 fontes1986

pharmacology

Dissolution f1/f2 Similarity

The f1 and f2 factors are dimensionless statistical measures developed by Moore and Flanner to quantify the similarity between two dissolution profiles. Adopted by regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA) as the gold standard for comparing dissolution curves, these factors enable rapid assessment of whether formulation changes s

2 fontes1996

ecology

Distance Sampling

Distance sampling is a statistical method for estimating population abundance from data on distances between observers and detected individuals. Developed by Buckland and colleagues (1993) and formalized in the software Distance, this approach accounts for imperfect detection: animals far from an observer are less like

3 fontes1993

dentistry

DMFT Index

The DMFT (Decayed, Missing due to caries, Filled) Index is a standardized epidemiological measure of dental caries experience in permanent dentition. Developed by Klein, Palmer, and Knutson in 1938, it quantifies the number of permanent teeth that are decayed, missing due to caries, or filled due to caries. The DMFT In

3 fontes1938

spectroscopy

DMRG

Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) is a powerful computational method for solving strongly correlated quantum systems, particularly one-dimensional lattice models and quantum chemistry problems. Introduced by White in 1992, DMRG uses a variational approach and tensor-network representation to efficiently descr

2 fontes1992