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Environment & Sustainability160

手法統計学1,836 人工知能・機械学習1,661 意思決定科学932 研究方法1,354 測定1,745 因果とエビデンス532 研究実践118

1,410 件の手法 · 測定クリア

フィルターに一致する実在の手法。

並べ替え人気順 A–Z Z–A 新着順

Multi-group item response theory

Multi-group item response theory fits IRT models simultaneously across two or more defined groups — such as males and females, or different cultural samples — to determine whether item parameters are invariant across those groups. It is the primary IRT-based framework for testing measurement equivalence and detecting d

2件の出典1990

Multi-group McDonald's omega

Multi-group McDonald's omega estimates and compares the reliability of a scale across two or more distinct groups. Rooted in confirmatory factor analysis, it uses the factor loadings and unique variances from each group's measurement model to compute omega, then tests whether reliability is statistically equivalent acr

2件の出典1999

Multi-group measurement invariance

Multi-group measurement invariance testing examines whether a latent construct is measured in the same way across two or more distinct groups — such as cultures, genders, or age cohorts. It is a prerequisite for meaningful group comparisons of latent means or relationships, ensuring that observed score differences refl

2件の出典1971

Multi-group Rasch model

The multi-group Rasch model fits the one-parameter logistic item response model simultaneously across two or more distinct groups, testing whether item difficulty parameters are invariant across groups. It is the primary psychometric tool for establishing that a scale measures the same latent trait with the same metric

2件の出典1960

Multi-group Reliability Analysis

Multi-group reliability analysis estimates internal consistency or stability coefficients separately within each group and then formally compares them to determine whether a scale functions with equal precision across populations. It is a foundational step in cross-group measurement research, typically carried out alon

2件の出典1990

Multi-group scale development

Multi-group scale development constructs and validates a measurement scale simultaneously across two or more distinct populations or groups. The approach integrates standard item generation and factor-analytic procedures with a systematic hierarchy of measurement invariance tests to ensure that the resulting scale meas

2件の出典1971

Multi-group test-retest reliability

Multi-group test-retest reliability evaluates whether a measure produces stable scores across time separately for two or more defined groups — such as different genders, age cohorts, or clinical populations — and determines whether the degree of that temporal stability is equivalent across those groups.

2件の出典1979

survey methodology

Multi-level Maximum Variation Sampling

Multi-level maximum variation sampling is a purposive strategy that deliberately selects cases at two or more nested organizational levels — such as schools within districts, or patients within clinics — while maximizing heterogeneity on key dimensions at each level. The aim is to capture the full range of variation wi

2件の出典1990

survey methodology

Multi-level Purposive Sampling

Multi-level purposive sampling applies purposive selection criteria at two or more nested levels of a research hierarchy — for instance, first selecting sites or organizations, then selecting participants within each site. This layered approach allows researchers to align the theoretical logic of purposive sampling wit

2件の出典1980

survey methodology

Multi-source API-based Data Collection

Multi-source API-based data collection is a systematic technique in which a researcher simultaneously or sequentially queries two or more application programming interfaces (APIs) to harvest digital data for a research project. By drawing from multiple platforms or services — such as social media APIs, government open-

2件の出典2010

survey methodology

Multi-source Delphi Technique

The Multi-source Delphi Technique is a structured, iterative consensus-building method that deliberately recruits expert panellists from multiple, distinct stakeholder groups or knowledge sources. By ensuring that no single professional community or institution dominates the panel, it reduces homogeneity bias and captu

2件の出典1975

survey methodology

Multi-source Document Collection

Multi-source document collection is a data-gathering strategy in which researchers systematically locate, retrieve, and compare documents drawn from two or more independent sources — such as government archives, institutional records, media outlets, organisational reports, or digital repositories. By assembling evidenc

2件の出典1970

survey methodology

Multi-source Field Notes

Multi-source field notes is a data collection approach in which two or more observers, sites, or vantage points contribute written records of naturally occurring events, interactions, and settings. By pooling notes from multiple sources, researchers cross-check individual impressions and capture aspects of a scene that

2件の出典1970

survey methodology

Multi-source Focus Group

The multi-source focus group method extends the standard focus group design by deliberately recruiting participants from two or more distinct stakeholder groups — for example, clinicians and patients, teachers and students, or managers and frontline staff. Separate sessions are held for each source group using a shared

2件の出典1980

survey methodology

Multi-source In-depth Interview

The multi-source in-depth interview is a qualitative data collection strategy in which extended, open-ended interviews are conducted with participants drawn from two or more distinct source groups — such as providers and clients, managers and staff, or experts and laypeople. Collecting data across diverse informant pos

2件の出典1980

survey methodology

Multi-source Mobile Experience Sampling

Multi-source Mobile Experience Sampling extends the standard ESM design by simultaneously collecting repeated momentary self-reports from two or more linked informant types — such as patient and caregiver, employee and supervisor, or partners in a dyad — via their smartphones. Signals are delivered concurrently across

2件の出典2000

survey methodology

Multi-source Non-participant Observation

Multi-source non-participant observation is a qualitative data collection strategy in which a researcher systematically observes naturally occurring behaviour across two or more distinct settings, sites, or data sources without joining or influencing the activity being studied. By deliberately excluding the researcher

2件の出典1970

survey methodology

Multi-source Participant Observation

Multi-source participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher is embedded within a social setting and systematically gathers observational data from multiple vantage points, sites, or informant roles simultaneously. By triangulating across sources, the method strengthens credib

2件の出典1980

survey methodology

Multi-source Semi-structured Interview

A multi-source semi-structured interview strategy collects qualitative data via guided, open-ended interviews from two or more distinct groups or perspectives relevant to the same phenomenon. By deliberately querying multiple vantage points — such as managers and employees, patients and clinicians, or teachers and stud

2件の出典1980

child psychiatry

Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children

The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC-2) is a 39-item self-report measure of anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents ages 8–19 years. Developed by John March and colleagues in 1997, the MASC operationalizes anxiety as a multifaceted construct comprising physical symptoms, social anxiety, harm avoid

2件の出典1997

clinical psychology

Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale

The MPS is a 35-item self-report measure of perfectionism across six domains: concern over mistakes, personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, doubt about actions, and organization. Developed by Frost and colleagues in 1990, it is the most comprehensive multidimensional perfectionism measure, disti

1件の出典1990

trauma psychology

Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support

The MSPSS is a 12-item self-report scale measuring perceived adequacy of social support from three key sources: family, friends, and significant other. Developed by Zimet and colleagues in 1988, the MSPSS assesses the subjective sense that one has available emotional and instrumental support—a critical protective facto

2件の出典1988

transcultural nursing

Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure

The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) is a self-report instrument designed to assess ethnic identity development among adolescents and young adults from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Originally developed by Phinney in 1992, the MEIM measures two primary dimensions: ethnic identity search (active expl

2件の出典1992

survey methodology

Multistage Sampling

Multistage sampling is a probability-based design that selects a sample by working through two or more successive levels of a population hierarchy — for example, first selecting regions, then districts within those regions, then households within those districts. It makes large-scale surveys practical when a complete p

2件の出典1950

Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Multivariate Pattern Analysis (MVPA) is a machine learning approach to fMRI that decodes cognitive states, stimuli, or behavior from whole-brain spatial patterns of neural activity. Pioneered by Haxby and colleagues in 2001, MVPA treats fMRI as a classification problem: can a trained decoder predict what a person is pe

2件の出典2001

integrative medicine

Music Therapy Assessment Tool

The MTAT is a comprehensive assessment instrument for measuring client outcomes and music therapist competency in music therapy. Developed by Hanson and colleagues, it operationalizes music therapy impact across emotional, social, behavioral, and physiological domains, suitable for diverse populations including psychia

3件の出典2008

clinical research

N-of-1 Trial

An N-of-1 trial is a single-patient randomized controlled trial in which a patient alternates between treatment A and treatment B (or active drug and placebo) in repeated, randomized cross-over periods. Developed systematically in the 1990s–2010s by Kravitz, Duan, and Vohra, N-of-1 trials enable personalized medicine b

3件の出典1990

N-PASS

The N-PASS is a five-item behavioral and physiological assessment tool designed to measure pain, agitation, and sedation in neonates across the full spectrum from profound sedation to severe pain. Developed by Hummel et al. in 2008, it is validated for both ventilated and non-ventilated infants in NICU settings and pro

2件の出典2008

NASA Task Load Index

The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) is a multidimensional subjective workload assessment tool developed by Sandra Hart and Lowell Staveland at NASA's Ames Research Center in 1988. It measures six dimensions of cognitive and physical task load to quantify operator workload across diverse task domains, from aviation and

1件の出典1988

human computer interaction

NASA-TLX

The NASA Task Load Index (TLX) is a multi-dimensional subjective workload assessment tool developed at NASA Ames Research Center by Sandra Hart and Lowell Staveland in the 1980s. TLX measures perceived mental workload across six dimensions—mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustr

2件の出典1988

political psychology

National Identity Scale

The National Identity Scale measures the strength and character of individuals' identification with their nation, including attachment to national symbols, pride in national achievements, and sense of belonging to the national community. Developed by Kosterman and Feshbach (1989), it distinguishes patriotism (pride in

3件の出典1989

integrative medicine

Nature Relatedness Scale

The NRS is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring individuals' psychological connection to and identification with the natural world. Developed by Nisbet, Zelenski, and Murphy in 2009, it captures three dimensions of nature relatedness: self-identification with nature, environmental concern and responsibility, and

3件の出典2009

NBAS

The NBAS, commonly known as the Brazelton Scale, is a comprehensive neurobehavioral assessment tool designed to evaluate the behavioral competencies of newborns. Developed by T. Berry Brazelton and colleagues in 1973 and refined through multiple editions, it examines 28 behavioral items and 18 elicited reflex items to

2件の出典1973

NBO

The NBO is a brief, observation-based system designed to illuminate newborn behavioral competencies and individual differences for parents and healthcare providers. Developed by J. Kevin Nugent and colleagues as a companion to the longer Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), the NBO uses 18 key behavioral observ

2件の出典2000

veterinary science

NDF/ADF Analysis

Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) analysis is a chemical fractionation method that separates feed components into digestible and indigestible portions based on their resistance to sequential detergent treatments. Developed by Peter J. Van Soest in the 1960s, NDF/ADF analysis provides rapid es

3件の出典1963

Necessary Condition Analysis

Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) is a set-theoretic method developed by Dul (2016) that identifies conditions necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for an outcome to occur. Unlike regression, which estimates average effects, NCA identifies absolute thresholds: conditions that must be present at a certain level f

3件の出典2016

Neck Disability Index

The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is a 10-item patient-reported outcome measure assessing the impact of neck pain and dysfunction on daily activities and quality of life. Developed by Vernon and Mior in 1991, NDI is the most widely used outcome measure in neck pain research and clinical practice, applicable to acute whip

2件の出典1991

political psychology

Need for Cognition in Politics Scale

The Need for Cognition in Politics Scale measures individual differences in the tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive processing related to political information and decision-making. Originally conceptualized by Cacioppo and Petty (1982), the trait reflects whether individuals seek, process, and rely on s

3件の出典1982

social psychology

Need for Cognition Scale

The Need for Cognition Scale (NCS) is an 18-item measure assessing individual differences in the tendency to engage in and enjoy cognitive effort. Developed by John Cacioppo and Richard Petty in 1982, the NCS operationalizes need for cognition as a stable personality trait reflecting preference for thinking about compl

3件の出典1982

palliative care

Needs Assessment Tool Palliative Care

The Needs Assessment Tool for Palliative Care (NAPC) is a comprehensive, multidomain assessment framework designed to systematically identify unmet palliative and supportive care needs in patients with advanced illness and their families. Rather than a numerical scale, the NAPC functions as a structured clinical interv

2件の出典2004

organizational behavior

Negative Acts Questionnaire

The Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) measures exposure to workplace bullying and harassment—persistent negative social interactions including exclusion, denigration, and intimidation. Developed by Einarsen and colleagues in 1994, the 22-item scale captures a range of harmful workplace behaviors. Bullying exposure corr

3件の出典1994

NEI-VFQ-25

The NEI-VFQ-25 is a 25-item self-report questionnaire measuring the impact of vision loss on health-related quality of life across multiple functional and psychological domains. Developed by the National Eye Institute (Mangione et al., 2001), it is the most widely used vision-specific QoL instrument in ophthalmology an

2件の出典2001

environmental psychology

NEP Scale

The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Scale measures endorsement of an ecocentric worldview that views humans as embedded within, rather than dominant over, nature. Developed by Dunlap et al. (2000) to update the original 1978 scale, the NEP assesses environmental beliefs across multiple dimensions including balance of nat

1件の出典2000

Net Promoter Score

Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a customer loyalty and satisfaction metric developed by Fred Reichheld in 2003, measured through a single question: How likely is it that you would recommend our company/product/service to a friend or colleague? The metric categorizes respondents into promoters, passives, and detractors, pro

3件の出典2003

telecommunications

Network Function Virtualization

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a paradigm that implements traditional network functions (firewalls, load balancers, gateways, packet inspection) as software running on commodity servers instead of proprietary hardware appliances. Introduced by ETSI (2012), NFV reduces capital and operational expenses by lever

2件の出典2012

physical therapy

Neuromuscular Re-Education

Neuromuscular re-education is a therapeutic approach using targeted exercise and sensory feedback to retrain motor control, proprioception, and movement patterns following neurological injury or dysfunction. Based on motor learning principles, neuromuscular re-education helps patients reestablish voluntary muscle activ

2件の出典1970

Neuropathic Pain Scale

The Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) is a 10-item self-report instrument developed by Jensen and colleagues to measure the quality and intensity of pain associated with neuropathic conditions (nerve damage, peripheral neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, spinal cord injury pain). The NPS captures pain descriptors (sharp, c

3件の出典2007

clinical psychology

Neuropsychological Assessment

Neuropsychological assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of cognitive and behavioral functions using standardized tests and observations to identify brain-behavior relationships and diagnose neurocognitive disorders. Rooted in the pioneering work of Alexander Luria in the 1960s and systematized by contemporary neuro

2件の出典1960

New York Heart Association Functional Classification

The New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification is a four-category ordinal system for grading heart failure severity based on the level of physical activity that precipitates dyspnea or other HF symptoms. Established by the NYHA in 1928 and refined in 1994, the NYHA classification is the oldest and most

2件の出典1994

Niche Modeling

Niche modeling, also called species distribution modeling (SDM), predicts the geographic range and habitat suitability of species using presence-only or presence-background occurrence data and environmental variables. MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy, Phillips et al. 2006) and GARP (Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction, St

3件の出典1999

NIHSS

The NIHSS is the standard acute stroke severity assessment tool used in emergency departments, stroke centers, and clinical trials worldwide. Developed by the NIH Stroke Study Group in 1989, the 15-item scale provides rapid, reproducible quantification of acute neurological deficit from ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke.

1件の出典1989

Nijmegen Questionnaire

The Nijmegen Questionnaire is a 16-item self-report instrument designed to identify dysfunctional breathing patterns, particularly hyperventilation syndrome, in patients presenting with respiratory or non-respiratory symptoms. Developed by van Beveren and colleagues in the Netherlands in 1994, it provides rapid assessm

2件の出典1994

Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) assessment and optimization is an analytical pipeline for evaluating how effectively crops convert applied nitrogen fertilizer into grain, biomass, or economic output. Developed by agronomic researchers (Dobermann, Raun) in the 2000s, this method quantifies nitrogen losses and identifies m

2件の出典2005

NMR Spin-Echo

The spin-echo is a fundamental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse sequence technique introduced by Erwin Hahn in 1950. It uses a 90-degree radiofrequency pulse followed by a 180-degree refocusing pulse to create an echo, effectively reversing the effects of magnetic field inhomogeneities and allowing accurate measu

3件の出典1950

NMSS

The NMSS is a comprehensive 30-item scale designed to assess the prevalence and impact of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease. Developed by Chaudhuri and colleagues in 2007, it addresses the reality that non-motor features—sleep disorders, mood disturbances, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and

1件の出典2007

NODDI

Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) is a biophysical diffusion MRI model that quantifies microstructural properties of white matter: neurite density (axonal density), orientation dispersion (fiber coherence), and isotropic diffusion (free water or cerebrospinal fluid). Introduced by Zhang and col

2件の出典2012

NOESY

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (NOESY) is a 2D NMR technique that detects through-space dipolar coupling between protons, rather than through-bond scalar coupling. Introduced by Macura and Ernst in 1981, NOESY reveals which protons are spatially close in the three-dimensional structure, independent of bond

3件の出典1981

environmental engineering

Noise Mapping

Noise mapping is an environmental assessment methodology that quantifies and visualizes sound levels spatially across a study area, enabling identification of noise-exposed populations, compliance with regulatory standards, and design of mitigation measures. Standardized by the European Directive 2002/49/EC and ISO 134

3件の出典1999

Nomological Validity

Nomological validity evaluates whether a construct behaves as theory predicts within a broader network of related constructs. It is not a single statistical test but an accumulation of evidence that the measure fits coherently into a web of theoretically grounded relationships — demonstrating that what is measured is w

2件の出典1955

survey methodology

Non-participant Observation

Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenom

2件の出典1958

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