ScholarGate
Objevovat
KnihovnaMoje knihovnaStůlPředběžná kontrolaReview StudioAsistent
Pracovní prostor
Porovnat
Vybudujte si knihovnu

Ukládejte metody, organizujte kolekce a přenášejte je na svůj stůl.

Vytvořit účet
Knihovna
 / Prohlížet
Přihlásit se
Knihovna

Objevujte vědu podle metody, oboru a důkazů.

Jediný katalog výzkumných metod — zjistěte, jak každá funguje, kdy ji použít a co nedokáže.

6,515 metod11 oborů7 rodin metod40 jazyků
Atlas vědyZmapujte strukturu vědy, než ji použijete.Obory · metody · cesty důkazůProzkoumat mapu
OborHealth & Medicine716Psychology570Business & Finance410Engineering330Life Sciences263Education261Research Practice248Natural Sciences236
ScholarGate

Referenční knihovna výzkumných metod, v níž je obsah na prvním místě — co každá metoda je, jak funguje a odkud pochází.

Otevřená data (CC-BY)

Objevovat

  • Knihovna
  • Hledat metody…
  • Procházet podle oborů
  • Obory
  • Cesta
  • Porovnat
  • Která metoda?

Příručka

  • Obory
  • Atlas
  • Slovník pojmů
  • Metodologie
  • Filozofie

Pracovní prostor

  • Moje knihovna
  • Stůl
  • Chat

Společnost

  • O knihovně
  • Ceník
  • Kontakt
  • Navrhnout metodu

Záznamy jsou sestaveny z publikovaných zdrojů a slouží k referenčním účelům. Ověření správnosti a vhodnosti jakékoli informace pro vaše vlastní použití zůstává vaší odpovědností.

© 2026 ScholarGate · Referenční knihovna výzkumných metod
  • Soukromí
  • Soubory cookie
  • Podmínky
  • Smazat účet
Social Sciences185
Environment & Sustainability160
Law30
MetodaStatistika1,836Umělá inteligence a strojové učení1,661Vědy o rozhodování932Výzkumné metody1,354Měření1,745Kauzalita a důkazy532Výzkumná praxe118
330 metod v oboru EngineeringVymazat
Skutečné metody odpovídající vašemu filtru.
SeřaditPopularitaA–ZZ–ANejnovější
text mining

Dependency Parsing

Dependency parsing is a natural-language-processing task that reveals the syntactic dependency relations between the words of a sentence as a tree structure. Surveyed in the dependency-grammar tradition by Nivre (2005) and made fast and accurate with neural networks by Chen and Manning (2014), it is commonly used as a

2 zdrojů
manufacturing

Design for Manufacturing and Assembly

Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) is a systematic methodology for creating products that are inherently easier and less expensive to manufacture and assemble. Developed by Boothroyd, Dewhurst, and Knight, DFMA evaluates design choices based on their impact on production cost, quality, and speed, guiding desi

3 zdrojů1994
text mining

Dialogue Act Classification

Dialogue act classification is a natural-language-processing task that automatically labels the communicative function of each utterance in a conversation — such as question, answer, greeting, or rejection. Consolidated by Jurafsky et al. (1997) and Stolcke et al. (2000), it is a foundational component for chatbots and

2 zdrojů1997
materials science

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal characterization technique that measures the heat flow required to maintain a sample and an inert reference at the same temperature while both are heated or cooled. Invented by Watson, O'Neill, and colleagues in 1964, DSC directly quantifies enthalpy changes during p

3 zdrojů1964
telecommunications

DiffServ

DiffServ is a QoS architecture providing scalable, class-based service differentiation in networks. Introduced by IETF (1998), DiffServ marks packets with a Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) in the IP header, enabling routers to apply per-hop-behaviors (PHBs) based on markings. Unlike IntServ (which reserves re

2 zdrojů1998
control theory

Direct Torque Control

Direct Torque Control (DTC) is a method for controlling induction motors by directly manipulating magnetic flux and torque through switching of power converter inverter arms. Introduced by Takahashi and Noguchi in 1986, DTC provides fast torque response, low harmonic distortion, and robust performance without requiring

2 zdrojů1986
text mining

Discourse Parsing

Discourse parsing is a natural-language-processing task that models the rhetorical relations between sentences and paragraphs of a text — relations such as cause, contrast, and elaboration — and represents them as a tree structure. It works within established frameworks, principally Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), i

2 zdrojů1988
text mining

Doc2Vec

Doc2Vec, also known as Paragraph Vector, is a representation-learning method introduced by Le and Mikolov (2014) that maps whole documents to fixed-length dense vectors. These vectors place similar documents close together in space, supporting document comparison and classification.

1 zdroj2014
text mining

Document Clustering

Document clustering is an unsupervised text-mining task that groups documents with similar content together without using any labels. It is used to organise large collections and for exploratory analysis, drawing on the body of text-mining techniques consolidated by Aggarwal and Zhai (2012) and compared empirically by

2 zdrojů
text mining

Domain Adaptation

Domain adaptation is a natural-language-processing technique that takes a general pretrained language model and fine-tunes it on target-domain data so that it performs better in specialised fields such as medicine, law, and finance. It builds on the transfer-learning ideas behind work like Blitzer et al. (2007) on cros

2 zdrojů
electrical engineering

Droop Control

Droop Control is a decentralized control method that enables independent generators (inverters, microgrids) to operate synchronously without direct communication. Introduced by Guerrero et al. in 2013 for microgrids, droop control uses frequency and voltage deviations as signals to share power. By making generator outp

3 zdrojů2013
biomechanics

DTW Gait Analysis

Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) is a sequence alignment algorithm that measures similarity between time series of different lengths by allowing flexible temporal matching. Applied to gait analysis, DTW enables comparison of walking patterns across subjects and conditions despite variations in cadence or stride length.

2 zdrojů1978
aerospace

Dubins Path

The Dubins path is the shortest curve connecting two points in the plane with prescribed initial and terminal tangent directions, subject to a constraint on curvature. Introduced by Lester Dubins in 1957, it solved a fundamental problem in differential geometry and became essential in motion planning for aircraft, heli

3 zdrojů1957
materials science

Dynamic Light Scattering

Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), also known as Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS), is an analytical technique for determining the size and size distribution of particles suspended in fluids by analyzing the time-dependent intensity fluctuations of scattered laser light. Developed by Robert Pecora in 1964, DLS exploit

3 zdrojů1964
biomaterials

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measures the viscoelastic properties of materials—their elastic stiffness and viscous damping—by applying a sinusoidal stress or strain and measuring the phase lag and amplitude of the material's response. Developed from rheology principles in the 1960s and formalized by Ferry, Schwarz

3 zdrojů1960
electrical engineering

Economic Dispatch

Economic Dispatch (ED) is the process of optimally allocating power output among committed generators to meet demand at minimum fuel cost. Introduced by Kirchmayer in 1958, ED is a fundamental real-time optimization problem solved every few minutes in power system operations. Unlike Unit Commitment (which decides gener

3 zdrojů1958
environmental engineering

Ecotoxicological Testing

Ecotoxicological testing is a suite of standardized laboratory and field methods to assess the toxicity of chemical substances to aquatic and terrestrial organisms (fish, invertebrates, algae, plants, soil fauna). Developed by regulatory agencies (OECD, EPA, EMEA) since the 1970s, these tests measure lethal concentrati

3 zdrojů1975
manufacturing

Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is the regime of fluid film lubrication in which elastic deformation of the surfaces plays a crucial role in maintaining a fluid layer between sliding or rolling surfaces. In applications like roller bearings and gears, the contact pressure is extremely high, causing the lubricant v

3 zdrojů1977
biomaterials

Electrospinning

Electrospinning is an electrostatic fiber fabrication process that uses a high electric field to draw polymer solutions or melts into nanoscale fibers. Developed by Anton Formhals in the 1930s and refined by researchers including Darrell Reneker in the 1990s, the technique has become foundational to biomaterials engine

3 zdrojů1934
mining engineering

Electrowinning

Electrowinning is an electrochemical process that extracts and refines metals from dilute leaching solutions by passing electric current through an electrolytic cell. Metal ions migrate to the cathode (negative electrode) and are reduced to pure metal, while impurities remain in solution. This process is essential for

2 zdrojů1890
mining engineering

Ellingham Diagram

The Ellingham Diagram, introduced by Harold Ellingham in 1944, is a graphical representation of the Gibbs free energy change for oxide formation and reduction as a function of temperature. It is an essential tool for predicting the thermodynamic feasibility of ore reduction and selecting appropriate reducing agents and

2 zdrojů1944
biomechanics

EMG Envelope

Electromyography (EMG) envelope analysis extracts the amplitude modulation of muscle electrical activity to quantify muscle activation over time. By filtering and demodulating the raw EMG signal, practitioners obtain a smoothed activation profile that reflects when and how intensely a muscle is contracting during movem

2 zdrojů1999
text mining

Emotion Detection

Emotion detection is a natural-language-processing task that classifies the basic and complex emotions expressed in text — fear, joy, anger, sadness, surprise, and disgust — within a recognised emotion framework such as Ekman's basic-emotions model or Plutchik's wheel. It builds on Paul Ekman's 1992 argument for a smal

2 zdrojů1992
electrical engineering

Energy Storage Dispatch Optimization

Energy storage dispatch optimization determines when to charge and discharge battery systems to maximize revenue, minimize grid stress, or support renewable integration. With falling battery costs and increasing variable renewable generation, storage dispatch has become critical for balancing supply and demand in moder

3 zdrojů2000
materials science

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) is an analytical technique that identifies and quantifies chemical elements in microvolumes of samples by analyzing characteristic X-rays emitted during electron bombardment. Rooted in Moseley's discovery of characteristic X-ray lines in 1913 and developed as a practical micro

3 zdrojů1913
text mining

Entity Linking

Entity linking is a natural-language-processing task that matches ambiguous entity mentions in text — people, places, organisations — to the correct record in a knowledge base such as Wikidata, DBpedia, or a domain dictionary. Surveyed and shaped by Milne and Witten (2008) and later neural approaches reviewed by Sevgil

2 zdrojů2008
environmental engineering

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic, structured process to identify, predict, and evaluate the environmental and social consequences of proposed development projects (infrastructure, extraction, manufacturing) before implementation. Mandated by law in most jurisdictions since the 1970s (NEPA in USA, E

3 zdrojů1970
software engineering

Equivalence Partitioning Testing

Equivalence partitioning divides input domains into equivalence classes—sets of inputs expected to behave identically—then selects test cases from each class. Introduced by Myers (1979), this technique reduces test cases while maintaining effectiveness. Boundary value analysis (BVA) complements partitioning by testing

3 zdrojů1979
civil engineering

Equivalent Static Analysis

Equivalent static analysis is the simplest seismic design method, representing earthquake effects as a single static lateral force applied at the center of mass or distributed over the building height. Standardized by SEAOC in 1959 and incorporated into modern building codes, it is the most commonly used method for des

3 zdrojů1959
text mining

Event Detection

Event detection is a natural-language-processing information-extraction task that finds events, historical developments, and action expressions in text and classifies them by type. It grew out of the Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) program described by Doddington et al. (2004) and is widely used in news analysis and

2 zdrojů
control theory

Extended Kalman Filter

The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is the nonlinear generalization of the Kalman Filter, extending the linear state estimation algorithm to nonlinear systems through local linearization. Developed by Bucy in the early 1960s, the EKF has become the workhorse for state estimation in nonlinear systems across robotics, aeros

3 zdrojů1961
text mining

Fake News Detection

Fake news detection is a natural-language-processing classification task that assesses the credibility of news text and labels content as fake or genuine. Building on the social-media framing of Shu et al. (2017) and the automated-fact-checking framing of Thorne and Vlachos (2018), it turns unstructured news articles i

2 zdrojů
electrical engineering

Fast Decoupled Power Flow

The Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) method, introduced by Stott and Alsac in 1972, exploits the weak coupling between active and reactive power in power systems to accelerate convergence beyond standard Newton-Raphson. By decoupling the equations and using constant, approximate Jacobians, it reduces computation per ite

3 zdrojů1972
electrical engineering

Fault Analysis in Power Systems

Fault analysis determines the magnitude and distribution of currents and voltages during abnormal conditions in power systems, such as short circuits. Using Fortescue's symmetrical components method (1918), engineers calculate fault currents to design protection relays and equipment ratings. It is essential for ensurin

3 zdrojů1918
biomechanics

FEA Bone Remodeling

Finite element analysis (FEA) for bone remodeling predicts how bone tissue density and architecture adapt to changes in mechanical loading over time. Pioneered by Rik Huiskes and Donald Carter in the 1980s, this computational approach integrates stress analysis with biophysical remodeling rules to simulate the long-ter

2 zdrojů1987
control theory

Feedback Linearization

Feedback Linearization is a nonlinear control technique that uses a nonlinear state-feedback transformation to convert a nonlinear system into a linear one, enabling the use of standard linear control methods. Developed by Isidori, Sontag, and others in the 1980s, feedback linearization is conceptually elegant and powe

3 zdrojů1983
text mining

Few-Shot Text Classification

Few-shot text classification assigns documents to classes using only a handful of labelled examples per class. Building on advances by Gao et al. (2021) and the prompt-free SetFit approach of Tunstall et al. (2022), it leans on prototypical networks, MAML, or fine-tuning of a large pretrained model to learn from scarce

2 zdrojů
control theory

Field-Oriented Control

Field-Oriented Control (FOC), also known as Vector Control, is an advanced method for controlling AC induction and permanent magnet motors by decomposing phase currents into torque and flux components and independently regulating them using PI controllers. Pioneered by Blaschke in 1972, FOC enables smooth precise motor

2 zdrojů1972
reliability engineering

Finite Element Model Updating

Finite Element Model (FEM) Updating is the process of refining a numerical structural model to match measured behavior (modal properties, vibrations, static displacements) from the physical structure. By comparing computational predictions to experimental data and systematically adjusting uncertain model parameters (ma

4 zdrojů2001
electrical engineering

Finite Integration Technique

The Finite Integration Technique (FIT) is a numerical method for solving Maxwell equations on structured grids, formulating electromagnetics as a system of integral equations over grid cells. Introduced by Thomas Weiland in 1977, FIT bridges finite differences and finite elements, offering excellent accuracy, stability

3 zdrojů1977
civil engineering

Finite Strip Method

The finite strip method (FSM) is a semi-analytical numerical approach for analyzing prismatic or cylindrical structures by dividing them into strips in one direction and using analytical or exact solutions in the perpendicular direction. Developed by Cheung in 1976, FSM reduces computational cost and often provides sup

3 zdrojů1976
reliability engineering

First-Order Reliability Method

The First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) is a probabilistic technique for estimating the probability of structural failure given uncertain input parameters. Developed by Allin Cornell in 1969 and refined by Hasofer and Lind in 1974, FORM provides a computationally efficient approximation to the true failure probabilit

4 zdrojů1969
mining engineering

Flotation Kinetics

Flotation kinetics is the study of how recovery of minerals from ore changes over time during flotation. The Garcia-Zuniga model, introduced in 1935, describes recovery as a first-order kinetic process with rate constant k and maximum recoverable fraction R∞. This simple model underpins flotation cell design and proces

2 zdrojů1935
biomechanics

Forward Kinematics

Forward kinematics is the calculation of the position and orientation of a distal body segment (such as the hand) based on the joint angles of proximal segments. Originally formalized in robotics by John Craig and adapted to biomechanics, it allows practitioners to predict endpoint location from known joint configurati

2 zdrojů1986
text mining

Frame Analysis

Frame analysis is a FrameNet-based natural-language-processing task that detects the semantic frames evoked in text and the participant roles (frame-evoking elements and frame elements, FE) that fill them. Rooted in Charles Fillmore's frame semantics (1982) and operationalised by the Berkeley FrameNet Project (Baker et

2 zdrojů1982
software engineering

Function Point Analysis

Function point analysis (FPA) quantifies software size by counting business functions and user interactions independent of technology or programming language. Introduced by Albrecht (1979), FPA measures delivered functionality, enabling effort estimation, productivity benchmarking, and software value assessment. Organi

3 zdrojů1979
text mining

Gender Bias Detection

Gender bias detection in NLP is a family of statistical and embedding-based methods used to measure stereotyping, representational imbalance, and occupational bias in text corpora and language models. Grounded in benchmarks established by Caliskan et al. (2017) with the Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT) and Zhao e

2 zdrojů2017
text mining

GloVe Embeddings

GloVe (Global Vectors for Word Representation) is a static word-embedding model introduced by Pennington, Socher and Manning (2014) that learns word vectors directly from global word-word co-occurrence statistics gathered across an entire corpus. The resulting vectors place semantically related words close together and

1 zdroj2014
aerospace

GNSS RTK

Global Navigation Satellite System Real-Time Kinematic (GNSS RTK) is a high-precision positioning technique that uses carrier phase measurements from a reference receiver at a known location to correct the position estimates of a rover receiver in real time. Developed in the 1980s, RTK exploits spatial correlation of a

3 zdrojů1980
biomaterials

GPC/SEC

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), also known as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), is an analytical technique for determining the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and average molecular weight (Mw, Mn) of polymers. The method separates polymer molecules by their hydrodynamic size as they pass through a porous ch

3 zdrojů1962
architecture

Green Building Rating System

Green Building Rating Systems are standardized frameworks for assessing and certifying the environmental performance and sustainability of buildings. The most widely known is LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), established by the U.S. Green Building Council in 1998. Similar systems exist globally (BRE

3 zdrojů1998
environmental engineering

Green Infrastructure Design

Green infrastructure (GI) design is the planning and implementation of natural or nature-based systems (vegetation, soils, water bodies) integrated into urban environments to provide multiple ecosystem services: stormwater management, air quality improvement, heat island mitigation, biodiversity habitat, recreation, an

3 zdrojů2000
manufacturing

Griffith Fracture Mechanics

Griffith's theory of brittle fracture explains how small flaws or cracks in materials grow unstably, leading to sudden catastrophic failure. Formulated by Alan A. Griffith in 1921 through experiments on glass fibers, this theory balances the elastic energy released by crack growth against the surface energy required to

3 zdrojů1921
environmental engineering

Groundwater Contamination Modeling

Groundwater contamination modeling is a quantitative approach to predict the migration of dissolved and suspended contaminants (chemical spills, landfill leachate, petroleum, radionuclides) through subsurface aquifers and toward receptors (drinking water wells, surface water bodies, ecosystems). Developed systematicall

3 zdrojů1988
control theory

H-infinity Control

H-infinity (H∞) control is a robust control method that minimizes the worst-case gain from disturbances to controlled outputs, formulated as a minimax optimization problem. Pioneered by Zames in the early 1980s, H∞ control provides a principled way to design feedback controllers that tolerate model uncertainty, unmodel

3 zdrojů1981
text mining

Hallucination Detection

Hallucination detection is a natural-language-processing pipeline that measures whether the output of a language model is consistent with a reference source document or with verifiable facts. Formalised as a faithfulness evaluation task by Maynez et al. (2020) and extended to a zero-resource black-box setting by Manaku

2 zdrojů2020
control theory

Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman Equation

The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation is a partial differential equation characterizing the optimal cost-to-go function in dynamic programming. Developed by Bellman in 1957, HJB provides both necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality, enabling elegant theoretical analysis and numerical solutions for optim

2 zdrojů1957
civil engineering

Hardy Cross Method

The Hardy Cross method is an iterative technique for solving steady-state flow distribution in pipe networks, originally developed for water distribution systems. Introduced by Hardy Cross in 1936, this method balances flow continuity and pressure head constraints through successive iterations, making it ideal for hand

3 zdrojů1936
electrical engineering

Harmonic Distortion Analysis

Harmonic distortion analysis quantifies the deviation of voltage or current waveforms from sinusoidal shape due to nonlinear loads. Using Fourier decomposition, engineers separate the waveform into its fundamental frequency and harmonic components (integer multiples of 50 or 60 Hz). Harmonic analysis is critical for as

3 zdrojů1822
text mining

Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is a natural-language-processing task that automatically identifies hateful, offensive, or harmful text on social media and online platforms. The task was sharpened by Davidson and colleagues (2017), who showed why separating genuine hate speech from merely offensive language is a hard, distinct c

2 zdrojů
← 12 / 63 →