Regression modelEconometrics / time series

Fourier Fixed Effects Model

The Fourier fixed effects model extends standard panel fixed effects regression by augmenting the specification with low-frequency Fourier (trigonometric) terms. These sine and cosine components approximate unknown, smooth structural shifts in the time trend without requiring the researcher to pre-specify break dates, combining within-unit identification with flexible trend modelling.

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Sources

  1. Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). A unit root test using a Fourier series to approximate smooth breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574–599. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00662.x
  2. Becker, R., Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381–409. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9892.2006.00478.x

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Referenced by

ScholarGateFourier Fixed Effects Model (Fourier-Approximation Fixed Effects Panel Model). Retrieved 2026-06-04 from https://scholargate.app/tr/econometrics/fourier-fixed-effects-model