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เรียงลำดับความนิยมA–ZZ–Aใหม่ล่าสุด
organizational behavior

Career Adapt-Abilities Scale

The Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) measures the psychosocial resources and competencies that enable individuals to navigate career challenges and transitions. Developed by Savickas and Porfeli in 2012, the 24-item scale quantifies four dimensions: concern (future orientation), control (agency), curiosity (explorat

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง2012
palliative care

Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer

The Caregiver Quality of Life Index–Cancer (CQOLC) is a 35-item self-report measure specifically designed to assess the quality of life and burden experienced by family members caring for cancer patients. Developed by Weitzner and colleagues in 1999, the CQOLC captures the multifaceted impact of caregiving—physical str

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1999
dentistry

Caries-risk Assessment Tool

The Caries-risk Assessment Tool (CAT), also known as Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA), is a systematic framework for evaluating a patient's risk of developing dental caries (cavities). Developed by Featherstone and endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), American Dental Association

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2007
psychometrics

Case-Cohort Design

Case-cohort design is an epidemiological study design developed by Prentice (1986) that efficiently combines features of case-control and cohort studies. Researchers enroll an entire cohort, follow it for outcomes, then measure exposures only on cases and a random subcohort, reducing measurement costs while maintaining

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1986
clinical research

Case-Control Study Design

A case-control study identifies individuals with a disease or outcome (cases) and a comparison group without the outcome (controls), then measures prior exposure retrospectively. Developed in the 1950s–1970s by epidemiologists like Schlesselman and MacMahon, case-control studies are especially efficient for rare diseas

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1950
psychometrics

CAT Generalizability Theory

Generalizability theory (G-theory) applied to computerized adaptive testing (CAT) evaluates the dependability of adaptive test scores by decomposing score variance across measurement facets such as persons, items, and occasions. Unlike classical test theory, G-theory quantifies multiple simultaneous sources of measurem

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1972
psychometrics

CAT McDonald's Omega

McDonald's omega adapted for computerized adaptive testing (CAT) quantifies the reliability of ability or trait estimates when different examinees answer different subsets of items. Unlike Cronbach's alpha, omega is grounded in a factor model, making it suitable for the heterogeneous item pools and variable test length

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1999
psychometrics

CAT Scale Development

Computerized adaptive test (CAT) scale development is the process of constructing, calibrating, and validating a large item bank such that the assessment algorithm can select items tailored to each examinee's estimated ability or trait level in real time. The result is a measurement instrument that achieves high precis

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1970
psychometrics

CAT-DIF

CAT-DIF identifies items in a computerized adaptive test that behave differently across demographic or group subpopulations after controlling for overall ability. Because adaptive algorithms select items non-randomly based on each examinee's estimated proficiency, standard DIF detection methods require adjustment befor

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1990
agronomy

Cation Exchange Capacity

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a fundamental soil property that measures the soil's ability to hold and release positively charged nutrient ions (cations: K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, H⁺, Al³⁺) in forms available to plant roots. CEC reflects the amount and type of clay minerals and organic matter in the soil—compounds with

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1920
environmental psychology

CCAS

The Climate Change Attitude Scale (CCAS) measures individuals' beliefs about climate change causation, severity, and human responsibility, as well as attitudes toward climate action and climate policy. Developed by Li and Monroe (2019) as an extension of general environmental attitude scales, the CCAS focuses specifica

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2019
forestry

Cellulose Crystallinity

Cellulose crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order in cellulose molecules: highly crystalline cellulose has organized, tightly packed chains; amorphous cellulose has disordered chains. Measured using X-ray diffraction, cellulose crystallinity influences wood strength, stiffness, and digestibility in pulpi

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1959
clinical psychology

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1977
sports science

Center of Pressure Posturography

Center of pressure (CoP) posturography measures postural stability by analyzing the movement of the body's center of pressure—the point where the total force of body weight is concentrated—during quiet stance or dynamic balance tasks. Formalized by Duarte and colleagues (2000), CoP analysis provides quantitative metric

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
clinical assessment

CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score

The CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, developed by Lip, Nieuwlaat, and colleagues in 2010, is a 9-point risk stratification tool for predicting annual stroke and systemic thromboembolism risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. It is the recommended score by major cardiology guidelines for guiding anticoagulation decisions.

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2010
oncology nursing

Chalder Fatigue Scale

The Chalder Fatigue Scale is an 11-item brief self-report instrument measuring physical and mental fatigue, developed by Trudie Chalder and colleagues at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, in 1993. Originally designed for chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis/ME) research, the CFS has been extensively va

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1993
remote sensing

Change Detection

Change detection is a remote sensing analysis pipeline that identifies differences in land cover or land use between two or more images acquired at different times over the same geographic area. Systematically reviewed and classified by Ashbindu Singh in 1989, the framework encompasses image differencing, post-classifi

1 แหล่งอ้างอิง1989
particle physics

Cherenkov Detection

Cherenkov detection exploits the emission of electromagnetic radiation when a charged particle travels through a medium faster than light travels in that same medium. This enables precise particle identification and mass measurement through analysis of Cherenkov light patterns, forming a cornerstone technology in moder

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1934
developmental assessment

Child Behavior Checklist

The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), developed by Thomas Achenbach and Leslie Rescorla and updated in 2009, is a parent-completed behavioral rating scale assessing emotional and behavioral problems in children aged 6–18 years. It is a foundational tool in clinical child psychology and psychiatry for screening behaviora

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2009
developmental assessment

Child PTSD Symptom Scale

The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS), developed by Edna Foa and colleagues in 2001, is a child-report assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in children and adolescents aged 8–18 years following traumatic exposure. The CPSS measures the three core symptom clusters of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoidance

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2001
gastroenterology

Child-Pugh Score

The Child-Pugh Score (originally Child-Turcotte, modified by Pugh in 1973) is a clinical scoring system that stratifies the severity of liver cirrhosis and predicts surgical mortality and prognosis. The score integrates five readily available clinical and laboratory parameters: bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time (INR

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1964
obstetrics gynecology

Childbirth Experience Questionnaire

The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) is a 22-item self-report instrument designed to comprehensively assess women's subjective experiences of childbirth. Developed by Dencker, Tully, and Begley, the CEQ measures four key dimensions of the birth experience: Capacity (feelings of being in control, coping, and ma

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2010
child psychiatry

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire

The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is a 28-item self-report measure assessing retrospective experiences of childhood abuse and neglect in adolescents and adults. Developed by David Bernstein and colleagues in 1994, the CTQ quantifies five types of maltreatment: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physi

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1994
dermatology

Children's DLQI

The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (cDLQI) is a pediatric-adapted version of the adult DLQI, measuring the impact of skin disease on quality of life in children and adolescents aged 4–16 years. Developed by Lewis-Jones and Finlay in 1995, it uses child-friendly language and addresses domains relevant to chil

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1995
child psychiatry

Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale

The Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) is a 10-item clinician-administered semi-structured interview for assessing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children and adolescents ages 6–17 years. Developed by Scahill, Riddle, and colleagues in 1997 as a child adaptation of the adult Y-BOCS, the CY-BOC

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1997
agronomy

Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Chlorophyll fluorescence is a non-invasive optical measurement of how efficiently the photosynthetic machinery converts absorbed light into chemical energy (photosynthesis) or heat and light (fluorescence). When photosynthesis is inhibited by stress (drought, cold, salt, pests), chlorophyll fluorescence increases becau

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1931
pharmacology

Chou-Talalay Method

The Chou-Talalay method is a quantitative framework for analyzing drug interactions, developed by Ting-Chao Chou and Paul Talalay in 1983. It combines median-effect principle with the combination index (CI) to provide rigorous, model-independent assessment of synergistic, additive, or antagonistic drug effects.

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1983
pediatric medicine

CHQ

The Child Health Questionnaire is a generic, parent-reported instrument developed by Landgraf et al. in 1996 to measure health-related quality of life in children aged 5–18 years. Unlike disease-specific measures, the CHQ captures broad domains of physical, emotional, social, and school functioning, making it suitable

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1996
pain medicine

Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire

The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) is a 20-item self-report instrument developed by McCracken in 1998 to measure pain acceptance—the willingness to experience pain while continuing with valued life activities. Unlike pain management approaches focused on pain reduction, the CPAQ operationalizes acceptance

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1998
spectroscopy

Chronoamperometry

Chronoamperometry (CA) is an electrochemical technique that measures current as a function of time when a potential step is applied to an electrode. Developed by Delahay in the 1950s, CA reveals diffusion-controlled electrochemical processes and enables determination of diffusion coefficients, surface coverage, and kin

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1954
ecology

Circuitscape

Circuitscape, developed by Brad McRae (2008), applies circuit theory from electrical engineering to predict organism movement and genetic connectivity across landscapes. The method treats landscapes as electrical networks where habitat quality is resistance and organism movement is electrical current. By analogy, organ

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง2008
spectroscopy

Circular Dichroism

Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measures the differential absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized light by optically active molecules, particularly proteins and nucleic acids. Introduced by Greenfield and Fasman in 1969, CD is a rapid, non-destructive technique for characterizing secondary structure (al

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1969
tourism management

Citizen Satisfaction Survey

The Citizen Satisfaction Survey (CSS) measures public satisfaction with government services, infrastructure, and institutions across multiple dimensions (access, responsiveness, quality, fairness, transparency). Rooted in expectancy-disconfirmation theory (James, 2009) and the American Customer Satisfaction Index (Forn

4 แหล่งอ้างอิง1996
endocrinology

Clarke Hypoglycemia Awareness Questionnaire

The Clarke Hypoglycemia Awareness Questionnaire is an 8-item instrument designed to identify patients with impaired hypoglycemia awareness—a condition in which diabetic patients fail to perceive early warning symptoms of low blood glucose, substantially increasing their risk of severe hypoglycemia. Developed by Clarke

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1995
educational psychology

Classroom Environment Scale

The Classroom Environment Scale is a comprehensive instrument measuring the social, emotional, and organizational climate of educational settings. Developed by Moos and Trickett in 1974, the CES assesses students' or teachers' perceptions of classroom relationships, instructional climate, and classroom management. By p

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1974
rehabilitation

Clinical Dementia Rating

The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) is a clinician-administered scale that assesses severity of dementia on a 0–3 scale based on interview with the patient and an informed collateral source (e.g., family member). Developed by Morris and colleagues at Washington University School of Medicine, the CDR has become the refer

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1984
physical therapy

Clinical Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) are electrodiagnostic tests measuring electrical activity in muscles and nerves, providing objective data on neuromuscular function. These tests identify pathology in motor neurons, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions, and muscles, helping clinicians diag

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1950
clinical psychology

Clinical Global Impressions Scale

The Clinical Global Impressions Scale is a clinician-administered two-part assessment developed by William Guy in the ECDEU Assessment Manual (1976) to provide rapid, global ratings of illness severity and treatment response. Part 1 (CGI-Severity) rates current severity; Part 2 (CGI-Improvement) rates change since trea

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1976
nursing

Clinical Pathway Analysis

Clinical Pathway Analysis is a process improvement methodology that develops and evaluates standardized, evidence-based care plans for specific diagnoses or procedures. Clinical pathways map the expected course of care, including nursing interventions, diagnostic tests, medications, and patient education activities acr

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1990
veterinary medicine

Clinical Scoring System in Veterinary Medicine

Clinical scoring systems provide standardized methods for objectively assessing animal health status, pain, disease severity, and treatment outcomes. Developed progressively by veterinary organizations and research groups since the early 2000s, these systems enable consistent documentation, comparison of cases, and evi

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง2000
clinical psychology

Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale

The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) is the gold standard structured interview for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Developed by Weathers, Litz, and Keane, the CAPS-5 directly operationalizes DSM-5 PTSD diagnostic criteria and assesses the frequency and intensity of symptoms

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง2013
clinical research

Cluster Randomized Trial

A cluster randomized trial (CRT) randomizes intact groups—schools, clinics, villages, or hospital wards—rather than individuals. Developed by Campbell, Grimshaw, and colleagues in the late 1990s to address real-world settings where intervention delivery or contamination occurs at the group level, CRTs are now standard

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1999
survey methodology

Cluster Sampling

Cluster sampling is a probability sampling technique in which the population is divided into naturally occurring groups (clusters), a random sample of clusters is selected, and all — or a random subset of — members within each selected cluster are studied. It is especially practical when a complete population list is u

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1953
environmental psychology

CNS

The Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) measures the degree to which individuals feel emotionally and cognitively connected to nature as part of their sense of self. Developed by Mayer and Frantz (2004), the CNS operationalizes the construct of nature connection—the felt sense of kinship, interdependence, and belonging

1 แหล่งอ้างอิง2004
mindfulness psychology

Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale

The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS) is a 12-item trait mindfulness measure designed to assess the degree to which individuals are present, aware, and non-judging toward their internal (cognitive and emotional) and external experiences. Developed by Feldman, Hayes, and colleagues at Rutgers University a

1 แหล่งอ้างอิง2007
psychometrics

Cognitive Diagnosis Model

Cognitive Diagnosis Models (CDMs) are a family of latent variable models designed to classify examinees according to their mastery of a set of discrete cognitive attributes or skills. The Generalized DINA (G-DINA) framework, introduced by Jimmy de la Torre in 2011, provides a unifying structure that encompasses many sp

1 แหล่งอ้างอิง2011
psychometrics

Cognitive Diagnostic Computerized Adaptive Testing

Cognitive Diagnostic Computerized Adaptive Testing (CD-CAT) combines computerized adaptive testing (CAT) with cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) to efficiently assess students' specific skill profiles. Rather than producing a single overall ability score, CD-CAT adaptively selects items to quickly identify which skills

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง2007
neuropsychology

Cognitive Failures Questionnaire

The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) is a 25-item self-report instrument designed to measure the frequency of everyday cognitive lapses and failures in memory, attention, and action slips. Developed by Broadbent and colleagues at the University of Oxford in 1982, the CFQ assesses subjective cognitive complaints i

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1982
human factors

Cognitive Load Scale

The Cognitive Load Scale (CLS), developed by Fred Paas in 1992 and refined by Paas and colleagues in subsequent years, is a brief, single-item or multi-item self-report instrument for assessing the cognitive load (mental effort) imposed by a learning or task environment. Originating in cognitive load theory research, t

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1992
psychology

Cognitive Reflection Test

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is a brief measure of cognitive reflection—the ability to override intuitive, reflexive answers in favor of deliberate, analytical reasoning. Participants answer problems that have an intuitive but incorrect answer and a correct answer requiring reflection. The CRT reveals individual

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง2005
human computer interaction

Cognitive Walkthrough

Cognitive Walkthrough is an inspection method for evaluating interface designs by simulating and analyzing how users will learn to use a system through exploration and trial. Developed by Clayton Lewis, Peter Polson, Cathleen Wharton, and John Rieman in 1990, this method is grounded in cognitive psychology and focuses

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1990
clinical psychology

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Assessment

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) assessment is a structured diagnostic and formulation process that identifies the relationships between situations, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors maintaining psychological distress. Rooted in the cognitive model developed by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, CBT assessment produces a pe

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1960
dentistry

COHIP

The Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) is a 34-item instrument measuring oral health-related quality of life in children and adolescents aged 6-14 years. Developed by Broder and colleagues and refined through the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), the COHIP captures developmental and

1 แหล่งอ้างอิง2007
clinical research

Cohort Study Design

A cohort study follows a group of individuals forward in time from exposure to outcome. Exposed and unexposed participants (or participants with differing exposure levels) are enrolled at baseline, characterized, and observed prospectively until the outcome occurs or the study ends. Cohort studies are fundamental to ep

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง1970
horticulture

Cold Storage Protocol

Cold storage protocol establishes optimal temperature, humidity, and duration guidelines for preserving fruit and vegetable quality during extended storage. By maintaining precise refrigeration conditions and monitoring produce condition, growers and distributors can extend shelf life from days to weeks or months, enab

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1950
psychotherapy research

Collaborative Study Psychotherapy Rating Scale

The Collaborative Study Psychotherapy Rating Scale (CSPRS) is an observer-rated measure of therapist adherence to a psychotherapy protocol and general competence in delivering the intervention. Developed for the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, the CSPRS uses audiotape or videotape review to

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1988
social psychology

Collectivism-Individualism Scale

The Collectivism-Individualism Scale is a self-report measure designed to assess individual differences in independent versus interdependent self-construal and cultural orientation toward individualism and collectivism. Developed by Singelis (1994) and refined through subsequent research by Triandis and colleagues, the

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1994
clinical psychology

Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale is a brief clinician-administered assessment of suicide risk developed by Kelly Posner and colleagues at Columbia University to address limitations in prior screening tools. First published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in 2011, the C-SSRS has become the FDA-endorsed s

3 แหล่งอ้างอิง2008
chemistry

Column Chromatography

Column chromatography is a liquid separation technique in which a stationary phase (typically silica gel or alumina) is packed into a vertical column, and a mobile phase (solvent) percolates through it to separate mixture components. Pioneered by Mikhail Tsvet in 1903, column chromatography remains the workhorse of org

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1903
military psychology

Combat Exposure Scale

The CES is a 7-item self-report measure of combat exposure developed by Keane and colleagues in 1989. It quantifies the frequency and intensity of combat experiences, including direct fire, causalities witnessed, and hazardous mission environments. It is widely used in veteran research and clinical screening to charact

2 แหล่งอ้างอิง1989
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