Ulemavu na Elimu Maalum

Elimu maalum hutoa mafunzo na msaada uliobuniwa mahsusi kwa wanafunzi wenye ulemavu na mahitaji maalum ya kielimu.

Scope

Inashughulikia utambuzi na tathmini ya ulemavu, mafunzo ya kibinafsi, ujumuishaji na mazingira yenye vikwazo vidogo zaidi (least restrictive environment), na sera za elimu maalum.

Sub-topics

• Mild Disabilities
• Academic Accommodations (Disabilities)
• Adventitious Impairments
• Congenital Impairments
• Accessibility (for Disabled)
• Mainstreaming
• Alzheimers Disease
• Neurological Impairments
• American Sign Language
• Sign Language
• Attention Deficit Disorders
• Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Hyperactivity
• Aphasia
• Language Impairments
• Communication Disorders
• Dyslexia
• Perceptual Impairments
• Speech Impairments
• Developmental Disabilities
• Intellectual Disability
• Learning Disabilities
• Articulation Impairments
• Speech Therapy
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication
• Normalization (Disabilities)
• Attitudes toward Disabilities
• Visual Impairments
• Hearing Impairments
• Hearing Therapy
• Speech Language Pathology
• Daily Living Skills
• Blindness
• Braille
• Deaf Blind
• Partial Vision
• Tactile Adaptation
• Head Injuries
• Residential Care
• Respite Care
• Cerebral Palsy
• Multiple Disabilities
• Disabilities
• Assistive Technology
• Deaf Interpreting
• Physical Mobility
• Students with Disabilities
• Severity (of Disability)
• Oral Communication Method
• Community Based Instruction (Disabilities)
• Group Homes
• Institutionalized Persons
• Disability Identification
• Lipreading
• Travel Training
• Deafness
• Severe Disabilities
• Individualized Family Service Plans
• Epilepsy
• Gifted Disabled
• Parents with Disabilities
• Sheltered Workshops
• Special Education Teachers
• Adapted Physical Education
• Special Education
• Slow Learners
• Seizures
• Homebound
• Large Type Materials

Core questions

• Wanafunzi wenye ulemavu wanapaswa kuelimishwa vipi?
• Mahitaji maalum ya kielimu yanatambuliwaje?
• Je, wanafunzi wanapaswa kujumuishwa katika mazingira ya kawaida?
• Mafunzo yanaweza kubinafsiswaje?

Key concepts

• Mahitaji maalum ya kielimu
• Ujumuishaji
• Elimu ya kibinafsi
• Mazingira yenye vikwazo vidogo zaidi
• Ulemavu
• Kujumuisha katika shule za kawaida (mainstreaming)

Key theories

Uwezo wa kujifunza wa wanafunzi wote

Kazi ya Itard na «mvulana mwitu wa Aveyron» ilianzisha ukweli kwamba wale waliokuwa wakichukuliwa kuwa hawafundishiki wanaweza kujifunza.

Uhakiki wa utengano

Dunn alihoji madarasa ya elimu maalum yaliyotengwa, na kusaidia kuchochea harakati ya ujumuishaji.

Mahitaji maalum ya kielimu

Ripoti ya Warnock ilipanga upya ulemavu kama mfululizo wa mahitaji ya kielimu, na kuumba sera.

History

Elimu maalum iliibuka na maonyesho ya awali ya uwezo wa kujifunza (Itard, Séguin) hadi uhakiki wa utengano katikati ya karne (Dunn) na harakati ya ujumuishaji, iliyopachikwa katika sera ya mahitaji maalum (Warnock) na sheria za haki.

Debates

Ujumuishaji dhidi ya uwekaji mahali maalum

Mjadala ni kama wanafunzi wenye ulemavu wanahudumika vizuri zaidi katika mazingira ya kawaida au ya maalum.

Key figures

• Jean Itard
• Lloyd Dunn
• Mary Warnock

Seminal works

• itard-1801
• dunn-1968
• warnock-1978

Frequently asked questions

Ujumuishaji katika elimu maalum ni nini?

Ni mazoea ya kuelimisha wanafunzi wenye ulemavu pamoja na wenzao katika mazingira ya kawaida, ukiwa na msaada unaofaa.