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Stages of Change Questionnaire

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM), also called the Stages of Change model, is a framework developed by James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente in 1983 to understand how people modify problematic behaviors and adopt healthier ones. The central premise is that behavior change is not an all-or-nothing event but a process that

occupational health

Stanford Presenteeism Scale

The Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) is a brief assessment tool measuring work productivity and performance among employees who are present at work despite health problems, personal issues, or other limitations. Developed by Koopman and colleagues in 2002, the SPS-6 quantifies the degree to which an employee's abili

clinical psychology

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a 40-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure two distinct dimensions of anxiety: state anxiety (temporary anxiety in response to a specific situation) and trait anxiety (stable tendency to experience anxiety across situations). Developed by Charles D. Spielberger a

sleep medicine

STOP-BANG

The STOP-BANG is an 8-item screening tool for identifying patients at risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) before surgery or medical procedures. Developed by Chung and colleagues in 2008, it is widely used in perioperative medicine, primary care, and sleep clinics to quickly stratify OSA risk in both adult patients. T

clinical psychology

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) is a semi-structured interview protocol designed to assess the presence or absence of DSM diagnostic criteria for major psychiatric disorders. Developed by Michael B. First and colleagues in the 1990s and updated to align with DSM-5, it remains the gold-standar

speech language pathology

Stuttering Severity Instrument

The Stuttering Severity Instrument–Fourth Edition (SSI-4) is the standard clinician-administered measure of stuttering severity in children (ages 2–13) and adults (ages 14–75). Developed by Riley (2009), SSI-4 quantifies stuttering through three behavioral components: frequency (percentage of syllables stuttered), dura

speech language pathology

Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire

The Swallowing Quality of Life (SWAL-QoL) Questionnaire is a comprehensive 44-item self-report measure of the psychosocial and functional impact of dysphagia across 11 quality-of-life domains, including eating burden, food selection, social participation, emotional impact, and fatigue. Developed by McHorney and colleag

pharmacology

Tablet Questionnaire for Medication Adherence

The Tablet Questionnaire is a brief, simple self-report tool designed to assess medication non-adherence through direct questions about dose-skipping behavior and reasons for non-adherence. Developed by Adeniji and Brown in 2012, it prioritizes simplicity and cultural accessibility, making it particularly valuable in l

pharmacology

Target-Mediated Drug Disposition

Target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) is a mechanistic framework describing nonlinear pharmacokinetics arising from drug binding to a target receptor or protein. Developed by Mager and Jusko in 2001, TMDD explains saturable clearance, dose-dependent half-lives, and time-dependent changes in plasma concentrations obse

healthcare management

TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire

The TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire (T-TPQ) is a 35-item self-report instrument designed to measure team members' perceptions of teamwork and communication in clinical units. Developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Department of Defense, the T-TPQ was created specifically to ev

health informatics

Telemedicine Satisfaction Scale

The Telemedicine Satisfaction Scale measures patient satisfaction with remote clinical encounters, assessing perceptions of communication quality, technical usability, provider competence, and perceived benefit. While no single universal scale dominates the literature, core satisfaction domains—connection quality, prov

physical therapy

Ten-Meter Walk Test

The Ten-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) is a straightforward performance assessment measuring gait speed over a 10-meter distance. Used extensively in neurological rehabilitation, the 10MWT provides objective data on walking velocity, a key indicator of functional mobility, recovery after stroke, and response to intervention i

clinical psychology

TFEQ

The TFEQ is a self-report instrument measuring three distinct psychological dimensions of eating behaviour: cognitive restraint (conscious dieting efforts), disinhibition (loss of control over eating when triggered by stress or environmental cues), and hunger (subjective appetite and satiety responsiveness). Developed

implementation science

Theoretical Domains Framework

The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) is a 14-domain model that integrates constructs from 33 behavior change and implementation theories to identify barriers and facilitators to professional and public behavior change. Developed by Michie et al. (2005) to provide a practical tool for implementation scientists and be

health behavior

Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a psychological framework developed by Icek Ajzen in 1991 to predict and understand deliberate human behavior. The TPB questionnaire measures four core constructs that explain why people intend to perform (or not perform) a specific behavior: attitudes toward the behavior, subjec

psychotherapy research

Therapeutic Alliance Scale

The Therapeutic Alliance Scale (THAS) is a clinician-rated measure of the quality of the therapeutic relationship and working alliance, developed by Raue, Goldfried, and Barkham. Distinct from client-rated measures like the Working Alliance Inventory, the THAS captures the therapist's perception of goal alignment, task

pharmacometrics

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical pharmacokinetic practice in which drug concentrations are measured in a patient's blood to guide individualized dosing. It applies principally to drugs with narrow therapeutic windows—where the margin between efficacy and toxicity is small—such as aminoglycosides, vancomy

integrative medicine

Therapeutic Touch Assessment Scale

The TTAS measures the application and outcomes of therapeutic touch (TT), an energy-based healing modality developed by Krieger and Kunz in which practitioners use intentional hand movements proximal to or in contact with the patient's body to promote relaxation, reduce pain, and facilitate healing. Used both as a comp

psychotherapy research

Therapy Process Observational Coding System

The Therapy Process Observational Coding System (TPOCS) is a comprehensive observer-rated method for classifying and quantifying therapist and client utterances in psychotherapy sessions. Using Stiles's taxonomy of verbal response modes (e.g., Advisement, Reflection, Interpretation, Disclosure), the TPOCS enables detai

survival

Time-Dependent Cox Regression

Time-dependent Cox regression is an extension of the standard Cox proportional hazards model, introduced through the counting-process formulation developed by Therneau and Grambsch (2000), that allows one or more predictor variables to take different values at different points in a subject's follow-up period. It is the

physical therapy

Timed Up and Go Test

The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is a simple, quick performance assessment that measures the time required to stand from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn around, and return to sitting. Developed by Podsiadlo and Richardson in 1991, the TUG has become one of the most widely used tests in geriatric and rehabilitation settings

addiction medicine

TMQ

The TMQ is a self-report instrument designed to measure motivation for substance abuse treatment and predict treatment engagement and outcomes. Developed by Simpson and colleagues in the context of the Drug Outcome Research Study (DORS), the TMQ assesses both intrinsic motivation (desire to address problems, commitment

clinical psychology

Toronto Alexithymia Scale

The TAS-20 is a 20-item self-report measure of alexithymia, the difficulty identifying and describing emotions. Developed by Bagby, Parker, and Taylor in 1994, it is the most widely used alexithymia measure in clinical and research practice. Alexithymia is recognized as a transdiagnostic feature across substance use, e

transcultural nursing

Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool

The Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool (TSET) is an 83-item self-report measure designed to assess nurses' confidence and capability in delivering culturally competent care. Developed by Jeffreys and Smodlaka in 1996, the TSET evaluates three dimensions of transcultural nursing self-efficacy: cognitive knowledge, practic

clinical psychology

Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is a structured, manualized psychotherapy designed to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma-related symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults. Developed by Judith Cohen, Anthony Mannarino, and Esther Deblinger beginning in 1998, TF-CBT is now an

pharmacology

Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication

The Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) is a 14-item generic measure developed by Atkinson and colleagues in 2004 to assess patient satisfaction with medication across diverse therapeutic areas and disease conditions. It measures four key dimensions—Effectiveness, Side Effects, Convenience, and G

oncology

UCLA Prostate Cancer Index

The UCLA Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA PCI) is a 20-item, prostate-cancer-specific quality-of-life instrument focused on functional outcomes (urinary, sexual, bowel) rather than general cancer QoL. Developed by Litwin et al. in 1998, it has become the standard functional assessment tool in prostate cancer outcomes resear

occupational therapy

UEFS

The Upper Extremity Functional Scale (UEFS) is a self-report outcome measure designed to quantify functional limitation and capacity in the upper extremity (arm, hand) across everyday activities. Various versions exist; the most commonly used in occupational therapy and rehabilitation derive from adaptations of functio

neurology

UHDRS

The Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) is the comprehensive, multidomain assessment instrument for Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats. Developed by the Huntington Study Group in 1996, the UHDRS measures motor, cognitive, functional, and psychia

veterinary medicine

Ultrasonography in Veterinary Medicine

Ultrasonography is a diagnostic imaging method using high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal structures. Adapted from human medical ultrasound beginning in the 1960s-1970s, veterinary ultrasonography is now essential for soft tissue imaging, particularly for abdominal, cardiac, and thoracic as

public health

Vaccination Confidence Scale

The WHO Vaccination Confidence Scale (VCS) is a multi-domain instrument measuring three conceptually distinct dimensions of vaccine hesitancy: Confidence (trust in vaccine safety and effectiveness), Complacency (perceived need for vaccination), and Convenience (accessibility and practical barriers). Developed by the WH

veterinary medicine

Vaccination Protocol Design

Vaccination protocol design is a systematic approach to planning and administering immunizations in animals to prevent infectious disease. Formalized by organizations such as the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) from the 1990s onward, evidence-based protocols balance disease risk, individual animal fac

clinical assessment

Visual Analog Scale for Pain

The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a 10-centimeter line for measuring pain intensity, developed by Huskisson in 1974. Patients mark their current pain level along the continuum from no pain to worst pain imaginable. It remains one of the most widely used single-item pain measures in clinical practice and research.

speech language pathology

Voice Handicap Index

The Voice Handicap Index (VHI) is a 30-item self-report questionnaire that measures the impact of voice disorders on quality of life and functional communication. Developed by Jacobson and colleagues in 1997, it quantifies the psychosocial, physical, and emotional burden of dysphonia across functional, physical, and em

nursing

Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment

The Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale, developed by Judy Waterlow in 1985, is a widely used clinical tool in nursing for identifying patients at risk of developing pressure injuries (formerly called pressure ulcers or bedsores). The scale evaluates multiple risk factors including age, mobility, skin condit

survival

Weibull Regression

Weibull regression is a fully parametric survival model, formalised by Kalbfleisch and Prentice, that assumes survival times follow a Weibull distribution. A shape parameter controls whether the hazard increases, decreases, or remains constant over time, while covariates shift the scale of the distribution to express h

clinical assessment

Wells Score for DVT

The Wells score, developed by Wells et al. in 1994, is a clinical prediction rule that stratifies patients into low, intermediate, or high pretest probability of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It combines seven clinical features to guide diagnostic testing decisions and reduce unnecessary imaging in suspected DVT patients

neurology

WFNS Scale

The WFNS Scale is a standardized grading system for assessing severity and prognosis in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) published by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies in 1988. The five-point scale combines the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) with presence of motor deficit to classify SAH severity. The WFNS Scale i

rehabilitation science

WHODAS 2.0

WHODAS 2.0 is a standardized, WHO-developed instrument that measures disability and functioning across six core life domains in any population aged 18 and above. Introduced in 2010, it operationalizes the biopsychosocial model of disability using the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) framework, making i

health measurement

WHOQOL-BREF

The WHOQOL-BREF is the brief version of the World Health Organization's quality of life assessment, developed by the WHO Quality of Life Group and published in 1998. It measures quality of life across physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains in a single 26-item self-report questionnaire. It has become

health economics

Willingness to Pay in Health

Willingness to pay (WTP) is an economic valuation method that elicits what individuals or society are willing to spend for a health benefit or to avoid a health risk. Rooted in contingent valuation (Carson & Louviere, 1980s), WTP is used to monetize health outcomes for cost-benefit analysis and to infer implicit cost-e

rehabilitation

WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index

The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) is a widely used patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Developed by Bellamy and colleagues in 1988, it has become the gold standard outcome

occupational health

Work Ability Questionnaire Extended

The Work Ability Index (WAI) measures workers' capacity to perform their current job given their health status, job demands, and life circumstances. Developed by Finnish occupational health researchers, the WAI captures the dynamic relationship between personal capacity (physical fitness, mental health, skills) and job

occupational health

Work Environment Scale

The Work Environment Scale (WES) comprehensively measures 10 dimensions of the workplace social and organizational environment: involvement, peer cohesion, supervisor support, autonomy, task orientation, work pressure, clarity, control, innovation, and physical comfort. Developed by Moos and colleagues, the WES capture

occupational health

Work-Related Burnout Scale

The Work-Related Burnout Scale, most commonly embodied in the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) developed by Christina Maslach and Susan Jackson in 1986, is the most widely used instrument for assessing occupational burnout. The MBI measures three core dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion (depletion of emotional r

psychotherapy research

Working Alliance Inventory

The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) is a validated, empirically supported measure of the therapeutic alliance—the collaborative relationship between therapist and client. Developed by Horvath and Greenberg in 1989, the WAI operationalizes Bordin's tripartite model of alliance: agreement on goals, agreement on tasks, a

occupational health

Workplace Incivility Scale

The Workplace Incivility Scale (WIS) is an assessment tool measuring exposure to low-intensity interpersonal mistreatment in occupational settings. Based on the concept of 'incivility' developed by Andersson and Pearson, and operationalized by Cortina and colleagues in 2001, the WIS captures rude, condescending, and ho

occupational health

Workplace Ostracism Scale

The Workplace Ostracism Scale measures the extent to which an employee feels excluded, ignored, or dismissed by colleagues and supervisors—a form of social exclusion distinct from harassment but equally harmful to mental health and performance. Developed by Ferris, Brown, Berry, and Lian, the WOS captures subtle exclus

occupational health

Workplace Violence Scale

The Workplace Violence Scale measures employee exposure to physical and verbal violence, threats, and harassment in occupational settings. Developed by the International Labour Organization, it captures the prevalence and severity of violent incidents affecting worker safety and health across sectors including healthca

clinical psychology

YFAS

The YFAS is a self-report questionnaire measuring symptoms of addictive-like eating behaviour in response to highly palatable foods. Developed by Gearhardt, Corbin, and Brownell in 2009, it is based on diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder and adapted to assess dependence-like symptoms related to food consumpt

integrative medicine

Yoga Self-Efficacy Scale

The YSES measures an individual's confidence and perceived ability to successfully perform yoga practice, overcome barriers, and sustain a regular yoga routine. Grounded in Bandura's self-efficacy theory, it predicts adherence to yoga programs and likelihood of realizing health benefits in clinical and community popula

nursing

Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview

The Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview, developed by Steven H. Zarit and colleagues in 1980, is a widely used assessment tool designed to quantify the subjective burden experienced by informal caregivers of persons with dementia or other chronic illnesses. The 22-item instrument measures emotional, financial, and physica

veterinary medicine

Zoonotic Disease Surveillance

Zoonotic disease surveillance is a systematic population-level monitoring approach that detects, tracks, and analyzes cases of infectious diseases transmissible between animals and humans. Formalized through veterinary epidemiology and integrated with public health systems since the early 1900s, modern surveillance pro

clinical psychology

Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale

The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (ZRAS), also known as the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), is a 20-item self-report measure of anxiety symptoms. Developed by William W. K. Zung in 1971, the ZRAS assesses psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety in the past week. It is widely used for anxiety screening in