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Social Sciences185
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MetodaStatistika1,836Umělá inteligence a strojové učení1,661Vědy o rozhodování932Výzkumné metody1,354Měření1,745Kauzalita a důkazy532Výzkumná praxe118
714 metod v oboru Health & MedicineVymazat
Skutečné metody odpovídající vašemu filtru.
SeřaditPopularitaA–ZZ–ANejnovější
health services

Patient Health Questionnaire-2

The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) is an ultra-brief, validated two-item screening instrument developed by Kroenke and colleagues in 2003 to identify major depression in primary care and medical populations. The PHQ-2 assesses the two cardinal symptoms of depression (depressed mood and anhedonia) over the past

3 zdrojů2003
clinical psychology

Patient Health Questionnaire-9

The PHQ-9 is a brief, nine-item self-report questionnaire developed by Kroenke, Spitzer, and Williams to screen for and measure the severity of depressive symptoms. Published in 2001 in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, it has become one of the most widely used depression screening instruments globally. The sca

3 zdrojů2001
healthcare management

Patient Reported Experience Measure Framework

The Patient Reported Experience Measure (PREM) framework is a methodological approach for systematically collecting, analyzing, and acting on patient feedback about healthcare experiences. Unlike HCAHPS, which is a specific, standardized survey, PREM is a flexible framework that can be adapted to different care setting

3 zdrojů2015
healthcare management

Patient Safety Climate in Healthcare Organizations

The Patient Safety Climate Scale (PSCS) is a focused, brief assessment tool designed to measure staff perceptions of the safety climate within a specific healthcare unit or department. Unlike broader safety culture instruments, the PSCS concentrates on the immediate work environment—how safety is prioritized at the tea

3 zdrojů2005
health services

Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire

The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) is a psychometrically validated self-report instrument developed by Ware and colleagues beginning in 1983 to measure patient satisfaction with medical care. The PSQ-18, a shortened version, comprises 18 items assessing general dimensions of healthcare satisfaction including

3 zdrojů1983
integrative medicine

Patient Satisfaction with CAM Scale

The PSCS is a patient-report instrument measuring satisfaction with complementary and alternative medicine services, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, massage, and other modalities. Developed by Margolis and colleagues in 1998, it captures dimensions of satisfaction specific to CAM practice—practitioner communica

2 zdrojů1998
transcultural nursing

Patient-Provider Cultural Sensitivity Scale

The Patient-Provider Cultural Sensitivity Scale (PPCSS) is a measure designed to assess the degree to which healthcare providers demonstrate cultural sensitivity and respect in clinical encounters. The instrument evaluates provider behaviors and attitudes that honor patients' cultural identities, values, and preference

1 zdroj2008
sports medicine

Patient-Specific Functional Scale

The Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) is a unique, individualized outcome instrument that captures patient-identified functional limitations and tracks change in those specific activities. Developed by Stratford and colleagues in 1995 and published in Physiotherapy Canada, the PSFS revolutionized patient-centere

1 zdroj1995
psychotherapy research

Patient-Therapist Agreement Scale

The Patient-Therapist Agreement Scale (PTAS) measures the degree to which client and therapist agree on therapy goals, treatment focus, and expected treatment duration—a core component of the therapeutic alliance. Developed by Nash and colleagues in their foundational study of psychotherapy preparation, the PTAS operat

2 zdrojů1965
health outcomes

PDQ-39

The PDQ-39 is the most widely used patient-reported outcome measure for Parkinson's disease quality of life. Developed by Crispin Jenkinson and colleagues in 1997, this 39-item self-report questionnaire comprehensively assesses how Parkinson's symptoms affect daily functioning, emotional well-being, stigma, social supp

3 zdrojů1997
pediatric medicine

PedMIDAS

The PedMIDAS is a brief 6-item parent-report (with child input for older youth) instrument developed by Hershey et al. in 2001 to quantify migraine-related functional disability in children and adolescents. Rather than measuring pain intensity or headache frequency, the PedMIDAS focuses on the ultimate impact of migrai

2 zdrojů2001
pediatric medicine

PedsQL Cancer Module

The PedsQL Cancer Module is a 31-item disease-specific instrument developed by Varni et al. in 2002 to measure quality of life in children and adolescents with cancer aged 2–18 years. It captures treatment burden (nausea, vomiting, pain, hair loss), cancer-related worry, cognitive concerns, and emotional and social imp

2 zdrojů2002
pediatric medicine

PedsQL Cardiac Module

The PedsQL Cardiac Module is a disease-specific instrument developed by Varni et al. in the mid-2000s to measure quality of life in children and adolescents with cardiac disease aged 2–18 years. Measuring across domains including cardiac symptom impact, activity limitations, and cardiac-related worry, it captures how c

2 zdrojů2005
pediatric medicine

PedsQL Diabetes Module

The PedsQL Diabetes Module is a 28-item disease-specific instrument developed by Varni et al. in 2003 to measure quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It captures the impact of diabetes management, glucose monitoring, and disease-related worry on daily functioning. The module is p

2 zdrojů2003
pediatric medicine

PedsQL Sickle Cell Module

The PedsQL Sickle Cell Disease Module is a disease-specific instrument developed by Varni et al. in 2012 to measure quality of life in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease aged 2–18 years. Measuring across domains including pain and symptoms, functional limitations, school impact, and disease-related worry

2 zdrojů2012
clinical psychology

Penn State Worry Questionnaire

The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) is a 16-item self-report instrument specifically designed to measure the trait dimension of worry—the tendency to worry excessively across situations. Developed by Meyer, Miller, Metzger, and Borkovec in 1990, the PSWQ has become the standard instrument for assessing worry as a

1 zdroj1990
clinical psychology

PGSI

The PGSI (Problem Gambling Severity Index) is a 9-item self-report questionnaire measuring problem gambling severity and gambling disorder risk. Developed by Ferris and Wynne in 2001 for the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, it is one of the most widely used screening tools for gambling disorder in Englis

3 zdrojů2001
pharmacometrics

Pharmacokinetic Compartment Model

The pharmacokinetic compartment model represents the body as one or more hypothetical compartments interconnected by first-order rate processes, describing how a drug is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated over time. Systematized by Gibaldi and Perrier in 1982, these models use ordinary differential equations to char

1 zdroj1982
pharmacology

Pharmacovigilance PRR/ROR

Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) and Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) are statistical methods for detecting safety signals in spontaneous adverse event reporting databases. Developed and formalized by researchers in the early 2000s, these measures identify drug-adverse event associations that warrant further investigation.

2 zdrojů2002
epidemiology

Phase I Clinical Trial

A Phase I clinical trial is the first stage of human testing for a new drug, biologic, or intervention. Its primary objective is to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) rather than therapeutic efficacy. Small cohorts of participants — typically healthy volunteers or patients w

2 zdrojů1960
epidemiology

Phase II clinical trial

A Phase II clinical trial is the second stage in the drug or intervention development pipeline, conducted after Phase I safety testing. Its primary goal is to assess whether the intervention shows preliminary efficacy signals in a relevant patient population at the dose established in Phase I, while continuing to chara

2 zdrojů1960
epidemiology

Phase III clinical trial

A Phase III clinical trial is a large-scale, confirmatory randomised controlled trial designed to establish the efficacy and safety of an intervention in the target patient population before regulatory submission. It builds on the signal identified in Phase II, tests the intervention at its proposed dose under controll

2 zdrojů1962
epidemiology

Phase IV study

A Phase IV study is a post-marketing surveillance study conducted after a drug, device, or intervention has received regulatory approval. Its primary purpose is to monitor long-term safety, detect rare adverse events, assess effectiveness in routine clinical practice, and explore new indications or populations not adeq

2 zdrojů1970
clinical psychology

PHQ-9 Depression Screening

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a brief, 9-item self-report instrument for screening and measuring the severity of depressive symptoms in primary care and mental health settings. Developed by Kurt Kroenke and colleagues in 2001, the PHQ-9 is now widely used in healthcare systems worldwide as a rapid, accu

2 zdrojů2001
health behavior

Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale

The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), developed by Kendzierski and DeCarlo (1991), is a 16-item measure of the positive affective responses and enjoyment experienced during or after physical activity. Based on the premise that enjoyment is a powerful predictor of exercise adherence and intrinsic motivation, PA

1 zdroj1991
pharmacology

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics

PBPK is a mechanistic modeling framework that uses physiological parameters, tissue properties, and drug-specific attributes to predict drug concentration time profiles in the body. Developed rigorously in the 1990s by researchers including Nestorov, PBPK integrates anatomy, biochemistry, and kinetics to enable rationa

2 zdrojů1997
oncology nursing

Piper Fatigue Scale

The Piper Fatigue Scale is a 22-item multidimensional self-report instrument that evaluates cancer-related fatigue across four conceptually distinct domains: behavioral/severity, affective/meaning, sensory, and cognitive/mood. Developed by Barbara Piper and colleagues in 1989 and revised in 1998, the PFS is grounded in

2 zdrojů1989
health education

PIS

The PIS is a self-report questionnaire measuring healthcare students' sense of professional identity, belonging, and commitment to their chosen discipline. Developed by Adams and colleagues in 2006, the PIS assesses the degree to which students have internalized professional roles, values, behaviors, and career commitm

2 zdrojů2006
health services

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a comprehensive self-report questionnaire developed by Buysse and colleagues in 1989 to assess sleep quality and sleep disturbances. The PSQI comprises 19 items aggregated into seven components that evaluate sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, daytime dysfu

3 zdrojů1989
dermatology

POEM

The POEM is a brief, patient-administered severity measure for atopic dermatitis that focuses on frequency of symptoms experienced over the past week. Developed by Charman, Venn, and Williams in 2004, it emphasizes the patient's lived experience rather than clinician observation, making it practical for routine clinica

2 zdrojů2004
pharmacology

Population Pharmacodynamics

Population pharmacodynamic (PopPD) modeling integrates pharmacokinetics with individual dose-response relationships across patient populations to characterize drug efficacy and tolerability. Pioneered by Lewis Sheiner and colleagues, PopPD accounts for inter-individual variability in drug effects and enables rational d

2 zdrojů1992
pharmacometrics

Population Pharmacokinetics

Population Pharmacokinetics (PopPK) is a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling framework that characterizes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated across a patient population, estimating both typical population parameters and the magnitude of between-subject variability. Introduced by Sheiner, Rose

1 zdroj1977
implementation science

PORAS

The Perceived Organizational Readiness for Assisting the System (PORAS) is a 19-item self-report measure developed by Helfrich and colleagues to assess organizational readiness to implement health information technology systems and other healthcare innovations. Grounded in Weiner's theory of organizational readiness fo

2 zdrojů2009
clinical psychology

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20

2 zdrojů1988
healthcare management

Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index

The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) is a 31-item instrument designed to measure nurses' perceptions of their practice environment, particularly factors related to autonomy, control over practice, and organizational support. Developed by Lake in 2002 and based on foundational work by Krame

3 zdrojů2002
epidemiology

Pragmatic case series

A pragmatic case series is an observational study that documents consecutive or purposively selected patients receiving a clinical intervention or presenting with a condition under routine, real-world practice conditions — without randomization, a control group, or the highly controlled eligibility criteria characteris

2 zdrojů1967
epidemiology

Pragmatic case-control study

A pragmatic case-control study is an observational design that compares individuals who have developed a disease or outcome (cases) with those who have not (controls), using data collected under routine real-world conditions rather than strictly controlled experimental settings. Exposure histories are reconstructed fro

2 zdrojů1950
clinical research

Pragmatic Clinical Trial

A pragmatic trial is designed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of an intervention in typical clinical settings with diverse, representative patients, minimal exclusion criteria, and clinically relevant outcomes. Developed by Thorpe and colleagues (2009) and formalized via the PRECIS-2 framework (2015), pragmati

3 zdrojů2009
epidemiology

Pragmatic Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study

A pragmatic cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the prevalence of exposures, outcomes, and risk factors in a defined population at a single point in time, conducted under real-world conditions rather than tightly controlled experimental settings. It provides a snapshot of the health status of a community or

2 zdrojů1967
epidemiology

Pragmatic diagnostic accuracy study

A pragmatic diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a diagnostic test performs under real-world clinical conditions — not in idealized, tightly controlled settings. Conducted within routine care workflows, it measures sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios for an index test against a re

2 zdrojů2000
epidemiology

Pragmatic Dose-Response Analysis

Pragmatic dose-response analysis quantifies how varying levels of an exposure or treatment relate to clinical outcomes under real-world conditions. By embedding dose-response questions within pragmatic study designs — broad eligibility criteria, routine care settings, and heterogeneous populations — it bridges the gap

2 zdrojů1990
epidemiology

Pragmatic ecological study

A pragmatic ecological study is an observational epidemiological design that examines associations between exposures and outcomes at the population or group level — using routinely collected, real-world data — with the explicit goal of informing practical public health decisions under everyday conditions. Rather than c

2 zdrojů1967
epidemiology

Pragmatic Kaplan-Meier analysis

Pragmatic Kaplan-Meier analysis applies the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator to time-to-event data collected under real-world or pragmatic conditions — diverse populations, routine clinical care, minimal exclusions, and standard-of-care comparators. Unlike explanatory trials designed to isolate a tre

2 zdrojů1958
epidemiology

Pragmatic nested case-control

A pragmatic nested case-control study embeds a case-control analysis within a pre-existing real-world cohort — typically drawn from electronic health records, administrative claims, or disease registries — to examine associations between exposures and outcomes under routine clinical conditions. Controls are sampled fro

2 zdrojů1977
epidemiology

Pragmatic phase II clinical trial

A pragmatic Phase II clinical trial is an early-to-mid-stage interventional study that evaluates a new treatment's preliminary efficacy and safety under conditions that approximate real-world clinical practice rather than tightly controlled experimental settings. It sits between pure explanatory Phase II trials and lar

2 zdrojů1967
epidemiology

Pragmatic phase III clinical trial

A pragmatic phase III clinical trial is a large-scale randomized study designed to evaluate whether an intervention works under the conditions of everyday clinical practice rather than the tightly controlled environment of an explanatory efficacy trial. It recruits a broad, representative patient population, allows fle

2 zdrojů1967
epidemiology

Pragmatic phase IV study

A pragmatic Phase IV study is a post-marketing investigation conducted under routine clinical conditions to evaluate a drug or device's real-world effectiveness, long-term safety, and comparative performance. Unlike the controlled Phase III environment, it intentionally minimizes protocol restrictions — broad eligibili

2 zdrojů1967
epidemiology

Pragmatic randomized clinical trial

A pragmatic randomized clinical trial (pragmatic RCT) is an interventional study that tests whether a treatment works under routine clinical conditions, as opposed to the tightly controlled setting of an explanatory trial. It prioritizes broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and patient-relevant outcomes to answer the

2 zdrojů1967
epidemiology

Pragmatic Screening Test Evaluation

A pragmatic screening test evaluation assesses the real-world effectiveness of a screening instrument under routine clinical or public-health conditions — rather than the tightly controlled, ideal-participant settings of explanatory studies. It asks whether the screening tool performs adequately in the actual populatio

2 zdrojů2000
epidemiology

Pragmatic survival analysis

Pragmatic survival analysis applies time-to-event statistical methods within pragmatic or real-world settings, estimating how long patients survive, remain event-free, or retain treatment benefit under conditions of routine clinical practice. Unlike explanatory survival analyses conducted under tightly controlled trial

2 zdrojů1967
cardiology

Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale

The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses emotional and behavioral problems related to diabetes self-management, including worries about complications, regimen burden, social and family challenges, and emotional distress. Originally developed by Polonsky and colleagues in

2 zdrojů1995
health measurement

PROMIS

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a comprehensive, flexible system of patient-reported outcome measures developed by the National Institutes of Health. Launched in 2010, PROMIS measures health across multiple domains using both fixed-item forms and computer-adaptive testing (CAT).

3 zdrojů2010
physical therapy

Proprioception Assessment

Proprioceptive assessment is a bedside neurological examination evaluating the sense of joint position and movement, mediated by mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints. Clinical testing of proprioception is essential for comprehensive neurological evaluation in conditions affecting sensory function, coordinat

2 zdrojů1900
epidemiology

Prospective Case Series

A prospective case series is an observational study design in which a group of patients with a particular condition, exposure, or intervention is identified in advance and followed forward in time according to a pre-specified protocol. Data on outcomes, adverse events, and clinical course are collected as they occur, y

2 zdrojů1970
epidemiology

Prospective Case-Control Study

A prospective case-control study embeds the case-control logic within a defined cohort followed forward in time. Cases are identified as they occur, rather than looked up in records after the fact, and controls are sampled from the same prospectively monitored base population. This forward-looking approach allows colle

2 zdrojů1970
epidemiology

Prospective Case-Crossover Design

The prospective case-crossover design is an observational epidemiological study in which each case serves as their own control. Unlike the retrospective variant, exposures are recorded in real time as participants are followed forward, eliminating recall bias. It is particularly suited to investigating transient enviro

2 zdrojů1991
epidemiology

Prospective Cohort Study

A prospective cohort study assembles a group of participants who are free of the outcome of interest at baseline, measures their exposures, and then follows them forward in time to record who develops the outcome. By collecting exposure data before outcomes occur, it establishes a clear temporal sequence that supports

2 zdrojů1950
epidemiology

Prospective Competing Risks Analysis

Prospective competing risks analysis is an observational study design that follows participants forward in time from a well-defined starting point, recording all events — including those that prevent the primary event from occurring — and then estimates cause-specific incidence while correctly accounting for competing

2 zdrojů1978
epidemiology

Prospective Cox proportional hazards

Prospective Cox proportional hazards regression combines a forward-looking cohort design — in which participants are enrolled before outcomes occur and followed over time — with Cox's semi-parametric survival model. The method estimates how baseline covariates measured at enrollment influence the rate at which particip

2 zdrojů1972
epidemiology

Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study

A prospective diagnostic accuracy study enrolls participants before any test results are known and follows them forward in time to evaluate how well an index test (the test under evaluation) distinguishes individuals with and without a target condition, using a reference standard applied independently. Key accuracy met

2 zdrojů2000
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