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ترتيبالشيوعأ–يي–أالأحدث
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted diagnostic accuracy study

A risk-adjusted diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well an index test identifies a target condition while explicitly accounting for patient-level risk factors that influence either disease prevalence or test performance. By adjusting for case-mix, it yields accuracy estimates — sensitivity, specificity, and AUC —

2 مصادر1980
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted dose-response analysis

Risk-adjusted dose-response analysis quantifies the relationship between increasing levels of an exposure (dose) and the probability or magnitude of an outcome (response), while simultaneously controlling for baseline risk factors that could confound or modify this relationship. The method is widely applied in clinical

2 مصادر1980
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted ecological study

A risk-adjusted ecological study is an observational epidemiological design that examines associations between exposures and outcomes measured at the group or area level — such as regions, hospitals, or countries — while statistically controlling for known risk factors also measured at that level. By incorporating risk

2 مصادر1980
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted Kaplan-Meier analysis

Risk-adjusted Kaplan-Meier analysis combines the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier estimator with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) or similar risk-adjustment procedures to produce survival curves that are comparable across groups as if the groups had identical distributions of baseline confounders. It is the

2 مصادر2001
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted Nested Case-Control

A risk-adjusted nested case-control study embeds a case-control comparison inside a defined cohort and explicitly accounts for differences in baseline risk between cases and controls through covariate adjustment — most commonly via risk scores, propensity scores, or stratification. It preserves the efficiency advantage

2 مصادر1977
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted Phase I clinical trial

A risk-adjusted Phase I clinical trial is a first-in-human or dose-finding study that explicitly incorporates patient-level risk covariates — such as organ function, prior therapy, or genetic markers — into the dose-escalation model. Rather than treating all enrolled participants as homogeneous, the design accounts for

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted Phase II clinical trial

A risk-adjusted Phase II clinical trial is an early-phase efficacy design that incorporates patient baseline risk strata — such as disease severity, prognostic score, or comorbidity burden — directly into the trial's stopping rules and sample size calculations. By conditioning response targets and futility/efficacy thr

2 مصادر1989
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted Phase III clinical trial

A risk-adjusted Phase III clinical trial is a large-scale confirmatory randomized experiment that explicitly incorporates participants' baseline prognostic risk profile into both the randomization process and the primary statistical analysis. By stratifying patients on known risk factors before allocation and adjusting

2 مصادر1980
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted Phase IV study

A risk-adjusted Phase IV study is an observational or semi-experimental post-marketing study conducted after a drug or device has received regulatory approval. It uses statistical risk-adjustment techniques — such as propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting, or multivariable regression — to control for

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted screening test evaluation

Risk-adjusted screening test evaluation assesses the sensitivity, specificity, and overall discriminatory accuracy of a screening test after accounting for patient-level risk factors (covariates) that independently influence test results or disease prevalence. By conditioning performance metrics on observed covariates

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Risk-adjusted survival analysis

Risk-adjusted survival analysis estimates the time to an event of interest — such as death, relapse, or hospital readmission — while simultaneously accounting for baseline differences in patient characteristics (covariates). By incorporating confounders such as age, comorbidities, or disease severity, it produces hazar

2 مصادر1972
neurology

RMI

The Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) is a brief, clinician-observed performance test of basic mobility abilities developed for assessing stroke and neurological rehabilitation outcomes. Published in 1991 by Frank Collen and colleagues at Rivermead Rehabilitation Centre (Oxford, UK), the 15-item index measures bed mobilit

1 مصدر1991
pain medicine

Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire

The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) is a brief, disease-specific self-report measure developed by Morris Roland and Ruth Morris in 1983 to assess functional disability and activity limitations in patients with acute and chronic low back pain. With 24 items addressing daily activities impacted by back pain

3 مصادر1983
sports medicine

Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Index

The Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Index (RC-QoL) is a rotator cuff-specific outcome instrument that measures symptom impact and functional limitations in patients with rotator cuff disease. Developed within rotator cuff treatment literature, the RC-QoL captures the physical, emotional, and social burden of rotator cuff

2 مصادر1998
survival

Royston-Parmar Model

The Royston-Parmar model, introduced by Royston and Parmar in 2002, is a modern parametric approach to survival analysis that replaces the rigid distributional assumptions of classical models with a restricted cubic spline fitted to the log-cumulative-hazard scale. It combines the interpretability of a fully parametric

1 مصدر2002
health education

RPQ

The RPQ is a self-report instrument measuring the degree to which healthcare students and professionals engage in reflective practice—the deliberate examination of their clinical experiences, decisions, and actions to extract learning and improve future practice. Developed by Sobral and refined by Saarikoski and collea

2 مصادر2000
psychotherapy research

Rupture Resolution Rating System

The Rupture Resolution Rating System (RRRS) is an observer-based measure designed to assess the quality of therapist response to alliance ruptures and the degree to which ruptures are resolved within psychotherapy sessions. Developed by Safran and Muran, the RRRS operationalizes the principle that ruptures—temporary br

2 مصادر1993
addiction medicine

SADQ

The SADQ is a 20-item self-report instrument that measures the severity of alcohol dependence on a continuum from mild to severe. Developed by Stockwell and colleagues in 1979, it quantifies physical withdrawal symptoms, psychological dependence, and behavioral indicators of dependence to guide treatment intensity and

1 مصدر1979
healthcare management

Safety Attitudes Questionnaire

The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) is a 60-item self-report instrument developed by Sexton and colleagues in the early 2000s to measure organizational safety culture in healthcare settings. Adapted from crew resource management research in aviation, the SAQ assesses clinician and non-clinician perceptions of safe

2 مصادر2000
occupational health

Safety Compliance and Participation Scale

The Safety Compliance and Participation Scale (SCPS) measures workers' occupational safety behavior across two dimensions: safety compliance (following safety rules and procedures) and safety participation (proactive engagement in safety activities beyond minimum requirements). Developed by Neal and Griffin, the SCPS r

2 مصادر2000
addiction medicine

SASSI

The SASSI is a comprehensive self-report inventory designed to identify substance abuse and dependence through both direct and indirect assessment methods. Developed by Glenn Miller in 1997 and updated to the SASSI-3 format, it employs 'subtle' items that indirectly measure substance abuse risk without openly asking ab

2 مصادر1997
clinical psychology

Satisfaction with Life Scale

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a brief, five-item self-report measure of global life satisfaction developed by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin in 1985. It assesses the degree to which individuals are satisfied with their lives as a whole, reflecting a cognitive-judgmental component of subjective well-be

2 مصادر1985
implementation science

Scaling Up Health Interventions

Scaling Up is the deliberate expansion of successful health interventions from pilot sites to entire health systems, regions, or countries. Formalized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Simmons et al. (2007), scaling up is distinct from simple dissemination; it requires systematic planning, financial modeling,

3 مصادر2007
pharmacology

Scatchard Analysis

Scatchard analysis is a graphical method for determining ligand-receptor binding affinity (Kd) and binding capacity (Bmax) from binding data. Developed by George Scatchard in 1949, the Scatchard plot linearizes hyperbolic binding curves, enabling visual detection of multiple binding sites and quantitative parameter est

2 مصادر1949
pharmacology

Schild Analysis

Schild analysis is a quantitative method for characterizing competitive receptor antagonism developed by Henry Schild in 1947. It uses dose-response curves in the presence and absence of antagonist to estimate the antagonist affinity constant (pA2), enabling standardized comparison of antagonist potency across drugs an

2 مصادر1947
clinical psychology

Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire

The SPQ is a 74-item self-report measure of schizotypal personality traits across cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized domains. Developed by Adrian Raine in 1991 based on DSM-III-R schizotypal personality disorder criteria, it is the most widely used dimensional measure of schizotypy on the psychosis s

1 مصدر1991
sleep medicine

SCI

The Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) is an 8-item self-report scale designed to assess the severity of insomnia symptoms in adults in a manner closely aligned with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder. Developed by Espie and colleagues in 2014, it measures the core features of insomnia: difficulty initiating

1 مصدر2014
clinical psychology

SCOFF

The SCOFF is a five-question screening tool for eating disorders, developed by Morgan, Reid, and Lacey at the University of Leeds in 1999. Its acronym—Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food—represents its five core items. The SCOFF is exceptionally brief, takes less than 2 minutes to administer, and was designed to identify cas

3 مصادر1999
dermatology

SCORAD

The SCORAD is a comprehensive clinician-administered tool for measuring the extent and severity of atopic dermatitis (eczema). Developed by the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis in 1993, it combines objective clinical assessment with subjective symptom reporting. It is the gold standard for atopic dermatitis sev

2 مصادر1993
health education

SCPS

The SCPS is a self-report questionnaire measuring students' overall satisfaction with their clinical placement experience, including satisfaction with the learning environment, educator support, clinical opportunities, and facility resources. Originally developed by Papastavrou and colleagues in Cyprus (2007–2010), the

2 مصادر2007
epidemiology

Screening Test Evaluation

Screening test evaluation is a systematic epidemiological approach for assessing whether a test or program can accurately and cost-effectively identify individuals with a condition before symptoms appear. It quantifies diagnostic performance metrics — sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and the ROC curve — and

2 مصادر1968
cardiology

Seattle Angina Questionnaire

The Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) is a 19-item self-report measure that evaluates the frequency and severity of angina symptoms, functional limitations, and disease-specific quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Developed by Spertus and colleagues in 1995, the SAQ has become the gold-standard s

1 مصدر1995
epidemiology

SEIR Model

The SEIR model is a deterministic compartmental model that partitions a closed population into four epidemiological states: Susceptible (S), Exposed (E), Infectious (I), and Recovered (R). It extends the classic SIR framework by explicitly incorporating a latent period during which individuals have been infected but ar

1 مصدر1991
pharmacology

Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale

The Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale (SEAMS) is a brief self-report measure designed to assess patients' confidence in their ability to manage medications appropriately across diverse contexts and challenges. Grounded in Bandura's self-efficacy theory, the SEAMS evaluates patients' perceived capacity

1 مصدر2007
psychiatric rehabilitation

Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale

The Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale (SSSH) is a 10-item self-report measure assessing the degree to which individuals experience shame, embarrassment, or fear of judgment related to seeking psychological or mental health help. Developed by David L. Vogel, Nathan G. Wade, and Stephanie Haake in 2006, the SSSH captures

1 مصدر2006
clinical assessment

Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score

The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, introduced by Vincent and Moreno in 1996, is a 24-point daily assessment tool that quantifies organ dysfunction across six physiological systems in critically ill patients. It was adopted into the 2016 Sepsis-3 definitions and is now the international standard for i

2 مصادر1996
psychotherapy research

Session Rating Scale

The Session Rating Scale (SRS) is a 4-item ultra-brief measure of client perceptions of session quality and therapeutic alliance, developed by Miller and Duncan to support real-time feedback in psychotherapy. Administered after each session, the SRS captures client satisfaction with the relationship, alignment on goals

2 مصادر2000
occupational health

Sexual Harassment Experiences Questionnaire

The Sexual Harassment Experiences Questionnaire measures employee exposure to unwanted sexual behavior, comments, and coercion in the workplace. Developed by Fitzgerald, Gelfand, and Drasgow, the SHEQ distinguishes between gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion—recognizing that sexual harassm

2 مصادر1995
health measurement

SF-12 Health Survey

The SF-12 is a brief, 12-item version of the SF-36 health survey developed by Ware, Kosinski, and Keller in 1996. Designed to reduce respondent burden while maintaining psychometric validity, it has become the standard instrument for large-scale surveys, epidemiological studies, and health outcomes research where admin

3 مصادر1996
health measurement

SF-36 Health Survey

The SF-36 is a generic, self-administered 36-item questionnaire measuring eight dimensions of health status. Developed by Ware and Sherbourne in 1992, it has become the most widely used health survey in clinical trials, outcomes research, and population health monitoring. It assesses perceived health across physical an

3 مصادر1992
health measurement

SF-8 Health Survey

The SF-8 is an ultra-brief, 8-item version of the SF-36 health survey developed by Ware and colleagues in 2005. Designed for extreme time-constraint settings and large-scale epidemiological surveys, the SF-8 maintains strong correlation with SF-36 and SF-12 domains while requiring only 1–2 minutes to complete.

3 مصادر2005
clinical psychology

Sheehan Disability Scale

The Sheehan Disability Scale is a brief three-item self-report measure designed by David V. Sheehan to assess functional impairment across work/school, social life, and family life domains in psychiatric and medical disorders. First described in Sheehan's 1983 book 'The Anxiety Disease' and validated in multiple studie

3 مصادر1983
health measurement

Sickness Impact Profile

The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is a comprehensive 136-item behavioral health status measure developed by Bergner and colleagues at the University of Washington in 1976. It assesses the impact of illness on daily activities and behavior across physical, psychosocial, and independent living dimensions. The SIP remains

3 مصادر1976
epidemiology

SIR Model

The SIR model is a foundational mathematical framework for describing the spread of infectious diseases through a population. Introduced by William Ogilvy Kermack and Anderson Gray McKendrick in 1927, it partitions a closed population of size N into three mutually exclusive compartments: Susceptible (S), Infectious (I)

1 مصدر1927
healthcare management

Six Sigma in Healthcare

Six Sigma is a data-driven quality improvement methodology originating at Motorola in 1986 that aims to reduce process variation and defects to achieve near-perfect quality (3.4 defects per million opportunities). In healthcare, Six Sigma uses statistical analysis and structured project methodology (DMAIC: Define-Measu

3 مصادر1986
physical therapy

Six-Minute Walk Test

The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is a submaximal exercise assessment measuring the total distance a person can walk in six minutes at a self-selected pace. Developed by Guyatt and colleagues in 1985, the 6MWT has become the standard submaximal functional exercise test for patients with cardiopulmonary disease, quantifyi

2 مصادر1985
dermatology

Skindex-29

Skindex-29 is a validated, patient-centered quality-of-life measure specifically designed to assess the impact of any skin disease on patients' symptoms, emotions, and functioning. Developed by Chren, Lasek, and colleagues in 1997, it captures the multidimensional burden of dermatological conditions beyond clinical sev

2 مصادر1997
implementation science

SoC

The Stages of Concern Questionnaire (SoC) is a 35-item self-report instrument that measures the types and intensity of concerns individuals experience when adopting new practices, technologies, or innovations. Developed by Hall and colleagues in the 1970s as part of the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM), the SoC mea

2 مصادر1977
transcultural nursing

Social Distance Scale

The Social Distance Scale (SDS), also known as the Bogardus Scale, is a classic sociological instrument designed to measure the degree of social acceptance, prejudice, or social distance that individuals feel toward members of different ethnic, racial, or social groups. Originally developed by Emory Bogardus in 1933 an

2 مصادر1933
psychiatric rehabilitation

Social Inclusion Scale

The Social Inclusion Scale (SIS) is a brief measure assessing the degree to which individuals with serious mental illness perceive themselves as included, valued members of their community. Developed by Oades, Deane, and colleagues in 2005, the SIS captures subjective experiences of social participation, acceptance, an

1 مصدر2005
clinical psychology

Social Interaction Anxiety Scale

The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) is a 20-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure anxiety and distress experienced during social interactions and conversations with others. Developed by Mattick and Clarke in 1998, the SIAS is a brief, user-friendly instrument for assessing social interaction anxiet

1 مصدر1998
health informatics

Social Media Anxiety Scale

The Social Media Anxiety Scale measures the extent to which individuals experience anxiety, apprehension, and psychological distress related to social media use. Developed by Przybylski and colleagues (2013) and expanded by Elhai and colleagues, the scale captures the 'Fear of Missing Out' (FOMO) construct—anxiety abou

2 مصادر2013
clinical psychology

Social Phobia Inventory

The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) is a 17-item self-report measure of social anxiety disorder symptoms. Developed by Connor, Davidson, and colleagues in 2000, the SPIN assesses fear, avoidance, and physiological symptoms related to social anxiety. It is widely used for screening and monitoring social anxiety disorder

2 مصادر2000
rehabilitation science

Social Role Participation Questionnaire

The Social Role Participation Questionnaire (SRPQ) is a brief, self-report instrument designed to measure the extent to which individuals participate in and derive meaning from key social roles (family member, friend, worker, volunteer, community member, leisure participant). Developed by Lyons, Sayer, and colleagues,

2 مصادر2004
transcultural nursing

Societal Attitudinal Familial Ethnic Acculturative Stress Scale

The Societal Attitudinal Familial Ethnic (SAFE) Acculturative Stress Scale is a self-report instrument designed to measure the psychological stress and strain experienced by individuals during the acculturation process—the adaptation of cultural attitudes, behaviors, and identities when navigating between heritage and

1 مصدر1997
pharmacology

Solid Dispersion

Solid dispersion is a formulation technique where a poorly soluble drug is molecularly dispersed in a hydrophilic polymer matrix, improving aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Introduced by Chiou and Riegelman in 1971, solid dispersions remain a key strategy for overcoming solubility-limited absorption.

2 مصادر1971
clinical psychology

Somatic Symptom Scale-8

The Somatic Symptom Scale-8 is a brief eight-item self-report instrument designed by Bernd Gierk and colleagues to assess the severity and burden of somatic (bodily) symptoms. Published in JAMA Internal Medicine in 2014, the SSS-8 is derived from the longer Somatic Symptom Disorder-B Criteria Scale and serves as a rapi

3 مصادر2014
integrative medicine

Spiritual Care Competence Scale

The SCCS is a clinical competency assessment tool measuring healthcare professionals' knowledge, attitudes, and skills in providing spiritual care to patients. Developed by Ronaldson and colleagues, it operationalizes spiritual care as an evidence-based competency, reflecting recognition that spirituality significantly

2 مصادر2012
neurology

SS-QoL

The SS-QoL is a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument designed to capture the multidimensional impact of stroke on survivors' functional and emotional well-being. Developed by Williams and colleagues in 1999, this 49-item scale addresses stroke-specific concerns including language, cognition, mobility, and emotio

1 مصدر1999
healthcare management

Staffing Ratio Analysis

Staffing Ratio Analysis is a systematic method for determining appropriate healthcare worker levels (nurses, physicians, technicians) based on patient volume, acuity, and task requirements. Research shows that staffing levels directly impact patient safety, quality, and staff burnout; systematic analysis supports evide

3 مصادر1990
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