ScholarGate
探索
文库我的文库桌面预检Review Studio助手
工作区
对比
打造您的书架

保存方法、整理合集，并将它们带到您的桌面。

创建账户
文库 / 浏览
登录
方法库

按方法、领域与证据探索科学。

一个汇集研究方法的目录——了解每种方法如何运作、何时使用以及它做不到什么。

6,575 方法11 领域7 方法家族40 语言
科学图谱在使用之前，先绘制科学的结构图。领域 · 方法 · 证据路径探索图谱
领域Health & Medicine716Psychology570Business & Finance410Engineering330Life Sciences263Education261Research Practice248Natural Sciences236
ScholarGate

以内容为本的研究方法参考文库——每种方法是什么、如何运作、源自何处。

开放数据（CC-BY）

探索

  • 文库
  • 搜索方法…
  • 按领域浏览
  • 学科领域
  • 历程
  • 对比
  • 该用哪种方法？

参考

  • 学科
  • 图集
  • 术语表
  • 方法论
  • 哲学

工作区

  • 我的文库
  • 桌面
  • 聊天

公司

  • 关于
  • 价格
  • 联系我们
  • 建议新方法

本词条系根据已发表文献整理，仅供参考。核实任何信息的准确性及其是否适用于您的具体用途，仍由您自行负责。

© 2026 ScholarGate · 研究方法参考文库
  • 隐私
  • Cookie
  • 条款
  • 删除账户
Social Sciences185
Environment & Sustainability160
Law30
方法统计学1,836人工智能与机器学习1,661决策科学932研究方法1,354测量1,745因果与证据532研究实践118
27 种方法 来自Business & Finance · 因果与证据清除
位于两个筛选条件交集处的方法。
排序热门程度A–ZZ–A最新
healthcare management

Balanced Scorecard in Healthcare

The Balanced Scorecard is a strategic performance management framework that translates an organization's mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth. Developed by Kaplan and Norton in 1992 for general bu

3 个来源1992
health economics

Budget Impact Analysis

Budget impact analysis estimates the financial consequences (net costs or savings) of implementing a new health technology in a specific healthcare system or population over a short time horizon (typically 1–5 years). Distinct from cost-effectiveness analysis (which compares health outcomes per dollar), BIA answers a b

3 个来源2005
healthcare management

Clinical Audit

Clinical audit is a systematic, cyclical process that measures the quality of clinical care against evidence-based standards and benchmarks, identifies gaps, and implements improvements to bring practice into alignment with current best evidence. Originating in the UK NHS, clinical audit is now a fundamental quality as

3 个来源1989
healthcare management

Clinical Handover Quality Scale

The Clinical Handover Quality Scale (CHQS) is a comprehensive framework and measurement tool for assessing the quality of clinical handovers—the critical communication process by which responsibility for a patient's care is transferred from one provider or team to another. Handovers occur multiple times daily in health

3 个来源2008
health economics

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Cost-benefit analysis compares the total monetary value of benefits produced by a program against its total monetary costs, reporting net present value (NPV) or benefit-cost ratio (BCR). Rooted in welfare economics and used extensively in public policy (transportation, environmental, education, health), CBA answers the

3 个来源1970
health economics

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Cost-effectiveness analysis compares the incremental cost per unit of health benefit gained by one intervention relative to a comparator (standard care or best alternative). Developed rigorously in the 1980s by Drummond, Stoddart, and colleagues, CEA is now the standard framework for technology appraisal globally. NICE

3 个来源1984
healthcare management

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in HTA

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) is an economic evaluation method that compares the cost and health benefits of alternative treatments to determine whether an intervention provides good value for money. Within Health Technology Assessment, CEA is the primary tool for recommending reimbursement and coverage decisions.

3 个来源1996
health economics

Decision Analytic Modeling

Decision analytic modeling is a systematic framework for comparing health interventions by integrating evidence on probabilities, outcomes, costs, and patient preferences into a quantitative model. Developed by Pauker and Kassirer in 1975, decision analysis structures clinical uncertainty and economic trade-offs, enabl

3 个来源1975
health economics

Disability-Adjusted Life Year

A DALY quantifies disease burden as the sum of years of life lost to premature death and years lived with disability. Developed by the World Health Organization and World Bank in 1990 as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, DALYs enable epidemiologists and public health planners to compare disease burden a

3 个来源1990
healthcare management

HCAHPS Hospital Consumer Assessment Survey

The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) is a 27-item, CMS-mandated patient experience survey administered to a random sample of hospital inpatients after discharge. Launched in 2006 by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,

3 个来源2006
healthcare management

Health Technology Assessment

Health Technology Assessment (HTA) is a structured, multidisciplinary approach to evaluating the clinical, economic, and societal effects of healthcare technologies (devices, drugs, procedures, systems). HTA synthesizes evidence from clinical trials, observational studies, and economic analyses to support decision-make

3 个来源1980
healthcare management

Healthcare Team Vitality Instrument

The Healthcare Team Vitality Instrument (HTVI) is a brief, 5-item survey designed to measure healthcare team cohesion, communication quality, and shared purpose—dimensions of team "vitality" that are associated with effective teamwork and patient safety. Developed by Metersky and colleagues and validated in intensive c

3 个来源2015
healthcare management

Hospital Bed Occupancy Model

Hospital bed occupancy models forecast the number of occupied beds at future times by analyzing admission patterns, length of stay distributions, and discharge dynamics. These models support tactical decisions about staffing, supply chain management, and strategic decisions about capacity expansion.

3 个来源2000
healthcare management

Hospital Readmission Prediction Model

Hospital readmission prediction models use statistical and machine learning techniques to identify patients at high risk of returning to the hospital shortly after discharge. These models guide targeted discharge planning and follow-up to improve outcomes and reduce costs.

3 个来源1998
healthcare management

Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture

The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) is a 42-item standardized instrument developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to measure patient safety culture in hospital settings. First released in 2004 and revised in 2018, the HSOPS assesses 12 composite dimensions of safety culture a

3 个来源2004
health economics

Instrumental Variables in Health Research

Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the

3 个来源1990
healthcare management

Lean Healthcare

Lean is a management philosophy that emerged from the Toyota Production System, focused on maximizing patient value while minimizing waste. Applied to healthcare, Lean uses systematic methods to identify and eliminate non-value-added activities, reduce wait times, and improve the quality of patient care.

3 个来源1988
health economics

Markov Model in Health Economics

A Markov model is a decision-analytic tool that simulates disease progression through defined health states over time, calculating cumulative costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) to enable cost-effectiveness analysis. Developed by Beck and Pauker in 1983, Markov models are now the standard framework for projec

3 个来源1983
healthcare management

Patient Flow Simulation

Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is a computational technique that models the movement of patients through healthcare facilities by simulating individual patient journeys and interactions with resources (staff, beds, equipment). DES allows realistic representation of complex, stochastic healthcare processes and supports

3 个来源1990
healthcare management

Patient Reported Experience Measure Framework

The Patient Reported Experience Measure (PREM) framework is a methodological approach for systematically collecting, analyzing, and acting on patient feedback about healthcare experiences. Unlike HCAHPS, which is a specific, standardized survey, PREM is a flexible framework that can be adapted to different care setting

3 个来源2015
healthcare management

Patient Safety Climate in Healthcare Organizations

The Patient Safety Climate Scale (PSCS) is a focused, brief assessment tool designed to measure staff perceptions of the safety climate within a specific healthcare unit or department. Unlike broader safety culture instruments, the PSCS concentrates on the immediate work environment—how safety is prioritized at the tea

3 个来源2005
healthcare management

Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index

The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) is a 31-item instrument designed to measure nurses' perceptions of their practice environment, particularly factors related to autonomy, control over practice, and organizational support. Developed by Lake in 2002 and based on foundational work by Krame

3 个来源2002
health economics

Quality-Adjusted Life Year

A QALY measures health benefit as utility weight (0 = death, 1 = perfect health) multiplied by time lived. Developed by Alan Williams in 1985, QALYs enable comparison of disparate health interventions on a common metric. Used globally by health technology assessment bodies—NICE (UK), HAS (France), CADTH (Canada), WHO—t

3 个来源1985
healthcare management

Safety Attitudes Questionnaire

The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) is a 60-item self-report instrument developed by Sexton and colleagues in the early 2000s to measure organizational safety culture in healthcare settings. Adapted from crew resource management research in aviation, the SAQ assesses clinician and non-clinician perceptions of safe

2 个来源2000
healthcare management

Staffing Ratio Analysis

Staffing Ratio Analysis is a systematic method for determining appropriate healthcare worker levels (nurses, physicians, technicians) based on patient volume, acuity, and task requirements. Research shows that staffing levels directly impact patient safety, quality, and staff burnout; systematic analysis supports evide

3 个来源1990
healthcare management

TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire

The TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire (T-TPQ) is a 35-item self-report instrument designed to measure team members' perceptions of teamwork and communication in clinical units. Developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Department of Defense, the T-TPQ was created specifically to ev

3 个来源2008
health economics

Willingness to Pay in Health

Willingness to pay (WTP) is an economic valuation method that elicits what individuals or society are willing to spend for a health benefit or to avoid a health risk. Rooted in contingent valuation (Carson & Louviere, 1980s), WTP is used to monetize health outcomes for cost-benefit analysis and to infer implicit cost-e

3 个来源1980