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social media psychology

Passive Social Media Use Scale

The Passive Social Media Use Scale measures the extent to which individuals engage in passive consumption—scrolling, lurking, and observing others' content—versus active participation like posting, commenting, and messaging. Developed to distinguish between active (interactive) and passive (consumptive) social media be

1 source2018
clinical psychology

Patient Global Impression of Change

The Patient Global Impression of Change is a single-item, seven-point rating scale asking patients to report their overall impression of change since treatment initiation. Originally published by William Guy in the ECDEU Assessment Manual in 1976, the PGIC has become a standard co-primary endpoint in clinical trials as

3 sources1976
clinical psychology

Patient Health Questionnaire-9

The PHQ-9 is a brief, nine-item self-report questionnaire developed by Kroenke, Spitzer, and Williams to screen for and measure the severity of depressive symptoms. Published in 2001 in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, it has become one of the most widely used depression screening instruments globally. The sca

3 sources2001
psychotherapy research

Patient-Therapist Agreement Scale

The Patient-Therapist Agreement Scale (PTAS) measures the degree to which client and therapist agree on therapy goals, treatment focus, and expected treatment duration—a core component of the therapeutic alliance. Developed by Nash and colleagues in their foundational study of psychotherapy preparation, the PTAS operat

2 sources1965
forensic psychology

PCL-SV

The Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL-SV) is a 12-item assessment tool developed by Hart, Cox, and Hare (1995) to screen for psychopathic personality traits in adolescents and adults. It is a brief alternative to the full 20-item Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), designed for rapid screening in correcti

2 sources1995
psychometrics

PCM / GPCM

The Partial Credit Model is an extension of the Rasch measurement framework designed for ordered polytomous items — items whose responses fall into more than two ordered categories, such as partial-credit tasks in performance assessment or open-ended scoring rubrics. Proposed by Geoff Masters in 1982 and later generali

2 sources1982
environmental psychology

PEBS

The Pro-Environmental Behavior Scale (PEBS) measures the frequency and breadth of environmentally responsible actions that individuals perform in their daily lives, including recycling, energy conservation, water conservation, sustainable transportation, sustainable consumption, and environmental activism. Unlike attit

2 sources2002
child psychiatry

Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire

The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) is a 22–24 item parent-report screening tool for sleep-disordered breathing and associated daytime dysfunction in children ages 2–18 years. Developed by Ronald Chervin at the University of Michigan in 2000, the PSQ measures three domains: symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (snor

2 sources2000
educational psychology

Peer Learning Scale

The Peer Learning Scale measures the extent and quality of collaborative learning experiences among students, capturing the frequency of peer interaction, perceived support from peers, quality of peer feedback, and learning gains from collaboration. Grounded in social-constructivist theory and decades of research on co

2 sources2000
clinical psychology

Penn State Worry Questionnaire

The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) is a 16-item self-report instrument specifically designed to measure the trait dimension of worry—the tendency to worry excessively across situations. Developed by Meyer, Miller, Metzger, and Borkovec in 1990, the PSWQ has become the standard instrument for assessing worry as a

1 source1990
trauma psychology

Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale

The PSRS is an 8-item self-report scale measuring individual differences in perceived reactivity to stressful situations—the subjective sense of being easily stressed, emotionally reactive, or overwhelmed by demands. Developed by Hewitt and colleagues in the context of perfectionism and stress research, the PSRS captur

2 sources2009
positive psychology

PERMA Profiler

The PERMA-Profiler is a 23-item multidimensional measure of flourishing developed by Butler and Kern in 2016 based on Seligman's PERMA model of positive psychology. It assesses five core domains of human flourishing—Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment—plus Negative Emotion and Lonel

1 source2016
bereavement psychology

PG-13

The Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-13) is a 13-item diagnostic assessment tool developed by Prigerson and Maciejewski to operationalize the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for Prolonged Grief Disorder. Designed as a structured clinical instrument, the PG-13 directly maps onto the symptomatic, cognitive, and functional

1 source2008
clinical psychology

PGSI

The PGSI (Problem Gambling Severity Index) is a 9-item self-report questionnaire measuring problem gambling severity and gambling disorder risk. Developed by Ferris and Wynne in 2001 for the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, it is one of the most widely used screening tools for gambling disorder in Englis

3 sources2001
mindfulness psychology

Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale

The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) is a 20-item self-report instrument measuring trait mindfulness across two core dimensions: Present-Moment Awareness and Acceptance. Developed by Cardaciotto, Herbert, and colleagues at Drexel University and published in Assessment in 2008, the PHLMS emphasizes the integration

1 source2008
clinical psychology

PHQ-9 Depression Screening

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a brief, 9-item self-report instrument for screening and measuring the severity of depressive symptoms in primary care and mental health settings. Developed by Kurt Kroenke and colleagues in 2001, the PHQ-9 is now widely used in healthcare systems worldwide as a rapid, accu

2 sources2001
sport psychology

Physical Self-Description Questionnaire

The PSDQ is a 40-item questionnaire measuring multidimensional physical self-concept—how individuals perceive and evaluate themselves across 11 physical domains including strength, endurance, body appearance, sports competence, and fitness. Developed by Marsh and colleagues in 1994, the PSDQ has become the leading inst

2 sources1994
political psychology

Political Efficacy Scale

Political efficacy measures sense of personal agency and power in the political system, encompassing both internal efficacy (belief in own political competence and understanding) and external efficacy (belief that the political system is responsive to citizen input). Rooted in Bandura's self-efficacy theory (1977) and

3 sources1969
political psychology

Political Participation Scale

The Political Participation Scale measures engagement in civic and political activities, encompassing voting, campaign involvement, contacting officials, organizational membership, community volunteering, and protest activity. Developed by Verba, Schlozman, and Brady (1995), the measure captures both conventional parti

3 sources1995
political psychology

Political Trust Scale

The Political Trust Scale measures citizen confidence in government institutions, elected officials, and the political system's responsiveness and fairness. Pioneered by Miller (1974) and operationalized across comparative electoral studies (CSES Module 5), the scale captures both diffuse trust (in the political system

3 sources1974
psychometrics

Polytomous Construct Validity

Polytomous construct validity refers to the evaluation of whether a scale composed of ordered, multi-category items (e.g., Likert or rating-scale items) genuinely measures the intended latent construct. It extends classical validity frameworks to polytomous measurement models — such as the Graded Response Model or Gene

2 sources1992
psychometrics

Polytomous McDonald's omega

Polytomous McDonald's omega estimates the internal consistency reliability of a scale composed of ordinal (polytomous) items — such as Likert-type responses — by computing omega from a factor model fitted to the polychoric correlation matrix rather than the Pearson correlation matrix, yielding estimates that are unbias

2 sources1999
psychometrics

Polytomous Measurement Invariance

Polytomous measurement invariance testing evaluates whether a scale with ordered categorical (polytomous) response options — such as Likert-type items — measures the same latent construct in the same way across two or more groups. It extends classical multi-group CFA invariance testing to properly account for the ordin

2 sources2000
psychometrics

Polytomous Rasch Model

The Polytomous Rasch Model extends the dichotomous Rasch framework to ordered response scales with three or more categories, such as Likert items or partial-credit tasks. It estimates person ability and item difficulty on the same interval-level logit scale, and it tests whether the response categories function as inte

2 sources1978
psychometrics

Polytomous Reliability Analysis

Polytomous reliability analysis estimates the internal consistency or precision of measurement for scales composed of items with more than two ordered response categories, such as Likert-type, rating, or partial-credit items. It corrects a well-known underestimation bias in conventional Cronbach's alpha by working with

2 sources2007
psychometrics

Polytomous scale development

Polytomous scale development is the systematic construction and validation of measurement instruments whose items have three or more ordered response categories — such as Likert-type, rating, or partial-credit items. It applies polytomous item response theory models or ordinal factor analysis methods to evaluate item q

2 sources1969
political psychology

Populism Scale

The Populism Attitudes Scale measures individual propensity toward populist political orientations, including Manichean worldview (pure people vs. corrupt elites), belief in popular sovereignty, and anti-elitism. Developed by Akkerman, Mudde, and Zaslaysky (2014), the eight-item scale distinguishes populist attitudes f

3 sources2014
clinical psychology

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20

2 sources1988
psychiatry

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale

The PANSS is a 30-item clinician-administered scale designed to measure the presence and severity of positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganization), negative symptoms (affective flattening, alogia, avolition), and general psychopathology in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Developed by Kay

3 sources1987
positive psychology

Positive Emotions Scale

The Positive Emotions Scale measures the frequency or intensity of positive emotions experienced by individuals. Drawing on Fredrickson's Broaden-and-Build Theory of positive emotions, this scale operationalizes the understanding that positive emotional states (joy, contentment, interest, gratitude, serenity) have cogn

2 sources2001
positive psychology

Positive Mental Health Scale

The Positive Mental Health Scale (PMHS) is a brief instrument developed to measure mental well-being by assessing the presence of positive mental health dimensions rather than the absence of disorder. Rather than focusing solely on symptom reduction, the PMHS operationalizes mental health as an active state characteriz

1 source2015
military psychology

Post-Deployment Reintegration Scale

The Post-Deployment Reintegration Scale measures multidimensional adjustment difficulties experienced by service members transitioning from military to civilian life. Developed by Sayer, Noorbaloochi, and colleagues in 2010, it assesses challenges across employment, family relationships, social reintegration, identity

2 sources2010
trauma psychology

Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5

The PC-PTSD-5 is a 5-item self-report screening instrument for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) aligned with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Developed by Prins and colleagues in 2015 as an update to the earlier 4-item PC-PTSD, the PC-PTSD-5 is designed specifically for rapid screening in primary care and other non-speci

2 sources2015
psychometrics

Process Tracing

Process Tracing is a qualitative research method developed by George and Bennett (2005) for studying causal mechanisms and causal chains within individual cases. It involves examining the sequence of events and decision-making processes within a case to infer whether a hypothesized causal mechanism actually operated. P

3 sources2005
educational psychology

Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students

The Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students is a comprehensive instrument measuring the frequency of academic procrastination across multiple task types and identifying the underlying reasons for delay. Developed by Solomon and Rothblum in 1984, the PASS provides educators and researchers with actionable data abo

2 sources1984
trauma psychology

Professional Quality of Life Scale

The ProQOL is a 30-item self-report instrument measuring both negative (compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress) and positive (compassion satisfaction) dimensions of occupational wellbeing in helping professionals. Developed by Stamm in 2005, the ProQOL conceptualizes professional quality of life holistically—ca

2 sources2005
sport psychology

Profile of Mood States

The POMS is a 65-item self-report questionnaire that measures six dimensions of mood: Tension, Depression, Anger, Vigor, Fatigue, and Confusion. Developed by McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman in 1971, it has become a cornerstone instrument in sport psychology for monitoring athlete psychological state before competition, du

2 sources1971
neuropsychology

Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire

The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) is a 16-item self-report instrument designed to measure subjective memory complaints across two distinct memory domains: prospective memory (remembering to do things in the future) and retrospective memory (remembering past events and information). Developed

3 sources2003
clinical psychology

PSUS

The PSUS is a self-report questionnaire measuring compulsive smartphone use, withdrawal symptoms, and loss of control related to mobile devices. Developed by Hussain, Griffiths, and Sheffield in 2017, it targets the growing phenomenon of smartphone addiction in the digital age. The PSUS captures how smartphone dependen

3 sources2017
clinical psychology

PTSD Checklist for DSM-5

The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) is a 20-item self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms aligned with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Developed by Weathers, Litz, and Keane, it is the gold standard screening and outcome measure for PTSD in military, veteran, and civilian trauma populations. The

2 sources2013
military psychology

PTSD Checklist Military Version

The PCL-M is a 17-item self-report inventory measuring PTSD symptom severity in military personnel. Developed by Weathers and colleagues in 1993, it directly corresponds to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. It is widely used in military, veteran, and trauma-exposed populations for screening and monitoring treatment response.

3 sources1993
psychology

Pupillometry

Pupillometry is the measurement of changes in pupil size in response to cognitive, emotional, or perceptual stimuli. The pupil automatically dilates (mydriasis) during mental effort, emotional arousal, or approach-related states, and constricts (miosis) during relaxation or withdrawal. First documented systematically b

3 sources1964
psychology

Q-Methodology

Q-Methodology is a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative factor analysis with qualitative interpretation to identify distinct perspectives, viewpoints, or 'factors' shared by groups of people. Introduced by William Stephenson in 1935, it uses Q-sorts—where participants rank statements on a continuum—to meas

3 sources1935
psychology of religion

Quest Scale

The Quest Scale, developed by Batson and Ventis (1976), is a 12-item self-report measure of a third religious orientation beyond Allport and Ross's intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. The 'quest' orientation reflects an open, questioning approach to religion: someone who views faith as an ongoing journey of exploratio

2 sources1976
psychometrics

Rasch Model

The Rasch model, introduced by Georg Rasch in 1960, is the simplest member of the Item Response Theory (IRT) family. It assigns a single difficulty parameter to each test item and places both item difficulties and person abilities on the same logit scale, enabling direct, sample-independent comparison of items and pers

2 sources1960
psychometrics

Redundancy Analysis

Redundancy Analysis (RDA) is a multivariate technique developed by van den Wollenberg (1977) that combines multiple regression and principal component analysis. RDA finds linear combinations of predictor variables that best predict variation in response variables, making it ideal for understanding how sets of predictor

3 sources1977
clinical psychology

Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire

The RSQ is an 18-item self-report measure of rejection sensitivity—the disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection from others. Developed by Downey and Feldman in 1996, it captures both anxiety about rejection and expectancy of rejection. Rejection sensitivity is recognized as tr

1 source1996
social psychology

Relationship Assessment Scale

The Relationship Assessment Scale is a brief, widely used instrument for measuring global relationship satisfaction and quality in romantic partnerships. Developed by Susan Hendrick in 1988 and based on Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, the RAS measures the three core components of love: intimacy (emotional

2 sources1988
psychology

Repertory Grid

The Repertory Grid is a qualitative-quantitative method derived from Personal Construct Theory that elicits how individuals construe (interpret and evaluate) a domain of interest—people, concepts, events, or objects—through their own idiosyncratic dimensions or 'constructs.' Introduced by George Kelly in 1955, the meth

3 sources1955
psychology

Rescorla-Wagner Model

The Rescorla-Wagner Model is a quantitative theory of associative learning that predicts how organisms learn associations between stimuli (e.g., tone and shock in fear conditioning). The model proposes that learning is driven by prediction error—the difference between what is expected to occur and what actually occurs.

3 sources1972
child psychiatry

Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale

The RCADS is a 47-item (or 25-item brief version) self-report measure that assesses the full spectrum of anxiety disorders and major depression in children and adolescents ages 6–18 years. Developed by Bruce Chorpita in 2000, it provides six subscale scores aligned with DSM-IV diagnostic criteria: Separation Anxiety, G

2 sources2000
social psychology

Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale

The Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (RWA) is a self-report measure developed by Bob Altemeyer in 1981 to assess individual differences in authoritarian attitudes, including submission to established authorities, adherence to conventional norms, and aggression toward those perceived to violate social conventions. The

2 sources1981
psychometrics

Robust Content Validity

Robust content validity assessment applies outlier-resistant statistical methods to the aggregation of expert panel ratings in content validation studies. By detecting and down-weighting idiosyncratic or extreme rater judgements, it yields Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) estimates that ref

2 sources1975
psychometrics

Robust Differential Item Functioning

Robust differential item functioning analysis detects items that behave differently across demographic groups after matching respondents on the underlying trait, while protecting the procedure against distortion by outliers, model misfit, or contaminated anchor items. It is applied in educational testing, clinical asse

2 sources1990
psychometrics

Robust Discriminant Validity

Robust discriminant validity assessment determines whether distinct latent constructs in a measurement model are sufficiently different from one another. Unlike traditional AVE-based approaches, robust methods such as the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio use the pattern of inter-indicator correlations to provide a mo

2 sources1959
psychometrics

Robust Item Analysis

Robust item analysis applies outlier-resistant statistical methods to the evaluation of individual test or scale items. Instead of classical means and Pearson correlations — both sensitive to extreme scores — it uses trimmed means, Winsorized correlations, or M-estimators to obtain item difficulty and item-total discri

2 sources1980
psychometrics

Robust McDonald's Omega

Robust McDonald's omega estimates the internal consistency reliability of a composite scale using factor-analytic loadings obtained through robust estimation methods (such as MLR or DWLS). Unlike standard omega or Cronbach's alpha, it remains accurate when item distributions are non-normal, skewed, or when the sample c

2 sources1999
psychometrics

Robust Measurement Invariance

Robust measurement invariance testing evaluates whether a psychometric instrument measures the same latent construct in the same way across groups when observed data violate multivariate normality. It adapts standard multi-group CFA sequences by replacing ordinary chi-square statistics with robust alternatives such as

2 sources1994
psychometrics

Robust Nomological Validity

Robust nomological validity evaluates whether a psychological construct relates to theoretically expected variables in the predicted directions, using statistically robust estimation methods that remain trustworthy when distributional assumptions are violated. It tests the construct's place within its nomological netwo

2 sources1955
social psychology

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is a 10-item unidimensional instrument designed to measure global self-esteem in adolescents and adults. Developed by Morris Rosenberg in 1965, the RSES is one of the most widely used and shortest self-esteem measures in social and clinical psychology research. Its brevity, ease o

3 sources1965
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