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ترتيبالشيوعأ–يي–أالأحدث
epidemiology

Cox proportional hazards

The Cox proportional hazards model is a semi-parametric regression method that estimates the effect of one or more covariates on the hazard — the instantaneous rate of an event such as death, relapse, or failure — while making no assumption about the shape of the baseline hazard function. Introduced by David Cox in 197

2 مصادر1972
occupational health

Copenhagen Burnout Inventory

The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) is a multidimensional burnout assessment tool designed to measure exhaustion and disengagement in occupational settings. Developed by Kristensen and colleagues in 2005, the CBI distinguishes among personal, work-related, and client-related burnout, making it particularly valuable

1 مصدر2005
neurology

MSQOL-54

The MSQOL-54 is a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument designed to assess the physical and mental burden of multiple sclerosis on patients' daily functioning and well-being. Developed by Vickrey and colleagues in 1995, it combines the widely-used SF-36 generic health questionnaire with 18 MS-specific items to pr

1 مصدر1995
clinical assessment

MUST Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool

The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), developed by Elia and endorsed by BAPEN (British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition), is a rapid 3-component screening tool for identifying adults at risk of malnutrition in hospital and community settings. It is based on BMI, unintentional weight loss, an

2 مصادر2003
occupational therapy

9HPT

The Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) is a brief, quantitative, performance-based measure of fine motor hand dexterity and coordination. Developed by Mathiowetz and colleagues (1985) at the University of Minnesota, the 9HPT is one of the simplest and most widely used screening tests for hand function, particularly finger dexte

2 مصادر1985
survival

Accelerated Failure Time Model

The Accelerated Failure Time model is a parametric regression approach to survival analysis — formally reviewed and advocated by L. J. Wei in 1992 — in which covariates act as multiplicative factors that directly stretch or compress the time-to-event scale. Unlike the Cox proportional-hazards model, which models how co

3 مصادر1992
clinical psychology

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a values-based, process-oriented psychotherapy developed by Steven C. Hayes and colleagues that helps individuals create meaningful lives while living with difficult thoughts, feelings, and sensations. Using mindfulness, values clarification, and behavioral commitment, ACT rep

2 مصادر1999
sports medicine

ACL Return to Sport after Injury Scale

The ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) Scale is a 12-item patient-reported outcome instrument designed to measure the psychological impact and readiness to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction. Developed by Webster, Feller, and Lambros in 2008 and published in the Briti

1 مصدر2008
dermatology

Acne-QoL

Acne-QoL is a disease-specific, patient-administered quality-of-life measure assessing the psychological and social burden of acne vulgaris. Acne is the most common skin disease in adolescents and young adults and causes substantial psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and social impairment disproportionate to

2 مصادر2004
health outcomes

ACT

The ACT is a simple, rapid, patient-centered measure of asthma control. Developed by Robert Nathan and colleagues in 2004, this 5-item questionnaire quantifies how asthma symptoms, activity limitation, and nighttime awakening affect daily life. It is the most widely used asthma control measure in clinical practice and

3 مصادر2004
physical therapy

Action Research Arm Test

The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) is a 19-item performance-based assessment measuring upper limb function in four domains: grasp, grip, pinch, and gross movement. Developed by Roberta Lyle in 1989, the ARAT has become the standard functional assessment for upper limb recovery in stroke rehabilitation, providing detai

2 مصادر1989
epidemiology

Adaptive case series

An adaptive case series is an observational study design that documents a consecutive group of patients with a shared condition or exposure while incorporating pre-specified rules for modifying data collection, monitoring, or stopping criteria as accumulating evidence warrants. It combines the descriptive richness of t

2 مصادر
epidemiology

Adaptive Case-Control Study

An adaptive case-control study is a case-control design that incorporates pre-specified rules allowing modification of study parameters — such as sample size, case-to-control ratio, or matching criteria — based on interim data, without compromising validity. It combines the efficiency of adaptive methodology with the r

2 مصادر1950
epidemiology

Adaptive Cohort Study

An adaptive cohort study is a longitudinal observational design that follows a defined group of individuals over time to assess exposure-outcome relationships, while incorporating pre-specified adaptation rules that allow protocol modifications — such as sample-size re-estimation, subgroup enrichment, or measurement sc

2 مصادر2000
epidemiology

Adaptive Competing Risks Analysis

Adaptive competing risks analysis combines the Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard framework — which models the cumulative incidence of one cause of failure in the presence of other mutually exclusive causes — with adaptive or group-sequential interim monitoring rules. This allows a clinical trial or observational study t

2 مصادر1999
epidemiology

Adaptive Cox Proportional Hazards

The Adaptive Cox Proportional Hazards model extends the classic Cox regression for time-to-event outcomes by adding adaptive LASSO (or related) penalization. It simultaneously estimates hazard ratios and performs variable selection, shrinking irrelevant covariate coefficients exactly to zero. This makes it especially v

2 مصادر2007
epidemiology

Adaptive Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study

An adaptive cross-sectional epidemiological study combines the core logic of a cross-sectional survey — measuring exposures and outcomes simultaneously in a defined population at one point in time — with pre-specified adaptive rules that allow modifications to sampling strategy, sample size, or subgroup allocation base

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Adaptive Diagnostic Accuracy Study

An adaptive diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well an index test distinguishes between patients with and without a target condition, while incorporating pre-specified interim analyses that allow modifications — such as sample size re-estimation, threshold adjustment, or subgroup enrichment — based on accumulating

2 مصادر2000
epidemiology

Adaptive Dose-Response Analysis

Adaptive dose-response analysis combines pre-specified dose-response modeling with planned interim looks that allow modifications — such as dropping ineffective doses or reallocating sample size — while maintaining statistical integrity. The most widely cited framework is MCP-Mod (Multiple Comparisons and Modeling), en

2 مصادر2000
epidemiology

Adaptive Ecological Study

An adaptive ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which the unit of analysis is a group or population (e.g., a region, country, or community) rather than an individual. It extends the classical ecological study by incorporating pre-specified interim decision rules that allow modifications — suc

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Adaptive nested case-control

An adaptive nested case-control study embeds a case-control comparison within a defined cohort and incorporates pre-specified interim decision rules that allow modifications — such as control-to-case ratio adjustment or biomarker sub-sampling revision — based on accumulating data, without compromising the study's valid

2 مصادر1977
epidemiology

Adaptive Phase I Clinical Trial

An adaptive Phase I clinical trial is a first-in-human or early-phase dose-finding study that continuously updates the recommended dose after each patient cohort using a prespecified statistical model, rather than following a fixed rule. The goal is to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or the recommended Phase

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Adaptive Phase II Clinical Trial

An adaptive Phase II clinical trial is a prospective experimental design in which pre-specified rules allow the study protocol to be modified — such as dropping arms, adjusting sample size, or narrowing the patient population — based on accumulating interim data, without inflating the Type I error rate. The design is w

2 مصادر1994
epidemiology

Adaptive Phase III clinical trial

An adaptive Phase III clinical trial is a confirmatory randomized controlled trial that incorporates pre-specified rules allowing modifications to the trial design — such as sample size re-estimation, dose selection, or population enrichment — based on accumulating interim data, while preserving the Type I error rate.

2 مصادر1969
epidemiology

Adaptive Phase IV study

An Adaptive Phase IV study is a post-marketing surveillance study conducted after a drug or intervention has received regulatory approval, augmented with pre-specified adaptive design elements that allow pre-planned modifications to the study protocol in response to accumulating data. These modifications may include sa

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Adaptive Randomized Clinical Trial

An adaptive randomized clinical trial (adaptive RCT) is a prospective experimental study that uses pre-specified rules to modify one or more trial aspects — such as sample size, allocation ratios, or treatment arms — based on accumulating data collected during the trial itself, while maintaining statistical validity an

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Adaptive screening test evaluation

Adaptive screening test evaluation is a psychometric and epidemiological framework for designing and assessing screening instruments whose item selection or stopping rules adjust dynamically to each respondent's response pattern. Rooted in item response theory (IRT) and computerized adaptive testing (CAT), the method u

2 مصادر1980
epidemiology

Adaptive Survival Analysis

Adaptive survival analysis integrates adaptive clinical trial design with time-to-event statistical methods, allowing pre-specified modifications to sample size, event targets, or allocation ratios at interim stages based on accumulating survival data. It is widely used in oncology, cardiovascular, and infectious disea

2 مصادر2000
clinical research

Adaptive Trial Design

An adaptive trial design allows pre-specified modifications to the trial based on interim data—such as sample size re-estimation, stopping for futility or efficacy, dropping ineffective arms, or shifting randomization ratios toward better-performing treatments. Developed systematically in the 1990s–2000s by statisticia

3 مصادر1990
implementation science

Adoption Scale

Innovation Adoption refers to the extent to which an innovation, evidence-based practice, or new technology is actually used by the target population or in the target setting. Adoption is typically measured as the percentage of eligible users/staff who have adopted the innovation by a specific time point, or the trajec

2 مصادر1983
clinical psychology

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale

The ASRS-v1.1 is an 18-item self-report screening scale for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2005 under World Health Organization auspices. A brief 6-item version provides rapid initial screening. The scale has become standard first-step screening in primary car

1 مصدر2005
clinical psychology

Affective Lability Scale

The ALS is a 54-item self-report measure of affective lability—rapid, unpredictable shifts in mood and anxiety states. Developed by Harvey, Greenberg, and Serper in 1989, it distinguishes normal emotional responsiveness from pathological mood instability. Affective lability is recognized as feature of bipolar disorder,

1 مصدر1989
neurology

AIMS

The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is the standard clinical rating scale for assessing tardive dyskinesia, a iatrogenic movement disorder resulting from chronic antipsychotic medication exposure. Developed by the National Institute of Mental Health in 1976, the 12-item scale systematically measures involunt

1 مصدر1976
pharmacology

Allometric PK Scaling

Allometric scaling is a mathematical approach for predicting human pharmacokinetics from preclinical animal data using body weight relationships. Developed systematically by Mordenti and colleagues in the late 1980s, it enables rational first-in-human dose prediction without assuming species-specific metabolic differen

2 مصادر1989
dermatology

ALPPQ

The Hair Loss Impact Questionnaire (Alopecia Areata Patient Priority Outcomes Questionnaire, ALPPQ) is a disease-specific, patient-administered quality-of-life measure assessing the psychosocial and functional burden of alopecia areata, a chronic autoimmune disorder causing patchy hair loss. Alopecia areata affects app

2 مصادر2014
neurology

ALSFRS-R

The ALSFRS-R is a 12-item clinician-administered functional rating scale designed to assess disease progression and functional status in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Introduced by Cedarbaum and colleagues in 1999, it expands upon the original ALSFRS by incorporating respiratory function assessment. It is the pr

1 مصدر1999
sports medicine

American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score

The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Standardized Assessment Form is a hybrid outcome instrument combining patient self-report and clinician assessment to evaluate shoulder function and pain. Developed by the ASES Committee in 1994 and published in the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, the ASES Score ha

1 مصدر1994
veterinary medicine

Anesthesia Risk Scoring in Veterinary Medicine

Anesthesia risk scoring is a systematic preoperative assessment method that stratifies patient risk based on medical history, physical findings, and health status. Adapted from the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification (developed for humans in 1941) and refined for veterinary species thro

3 مصادر1941
veterinary medicine

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing in Veterinary Medicine

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is a systematic in vitro laboratory method that determines which antimicrobial agents are effective against an isolated bacterial or fungal pathogen. Standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and other regulatory bodies since the 1960s, AST guides

3 مصادر1960
clinical assessment

APACHE II Score

The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, introduced by Knaus et al. in 1985, is a 71-point severity of illness classification system for critically ill patients. It combines acute physiological parameters, age, and chronic health status to predict intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, facili

2 مصادر1985
clinical assessment

Apgar Score

The Apgar score, introduced by Virginia Apgar in 1952, is a 10-point rapid assessment of newborn vital status immediately after birth. It evaluates appearance, pulse, grimace (reflex irritability), activity, and respiration at 1 and 5 minutes of life, providing an objective, reproducible measure of neonatal condition a

2 مصادر1952
speech language pathology

Aphasia Impact Questionnaire

The Aphasia Impact Questionnaire (AIQ), most commonly administered as the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL-39), is a comprehensive 39-item self-report measure of health-related quality of life in adults with aphasia following stroke or acquired brain injury. Developed by Hilari and colleagues (2003), AIQ

3 مصادر2003
occupational health

Areas of Worklife Scale

The Areas of Worklife Scale (AWS) is a multidimensional assessment tool designed to measure organizational and job factors associated with occupational burnout. Developed by Leiter and Maslach in 2004, the AWS evaluates six critical job dimensions: workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values alignment. U

1 مصدر2004
pharmacology

Arrhenius Stability

Arrhenius stability testing predicts pharmaceutical product shelf-life by conducting accelerated degradation studies at elevated temperatures and using the Arrhenius equation to extrapolate to storage conditions. Based on Svante Arrhenius's 1889 equation relating reaction rate to temperature, this method is regulatory

2 مصادر1889
physical therapy

Ashworth Scale for Spasticity

The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is a clinical rating scale for assessing muscle spasticity, quantifying the resistance to passive movement on a 0-4 scale plus an additional grade. Originally developed by B. Ashworth in 1964 and refined by Bohannon and Smith in 1987, the MAS is the most widely used bedside tool for ev

2 مصادر1964
rehabilitation science

Assessment of Life Habits

The Assessment of Life Habits (LIFE-H) is a comprehensive, interview-based measure that evaluates participation in 11 key life domains—from basic self-care and nutrition to work, recreation, and community engagement. Developed in Quebec by Fougeyrollas, Noreau, and colleagues, LIFE-H operationalizes the ICF concept of

2 مصادر1992
integrative medicine

Attitudes toward CAM Scale

The ACAMS is a self-report instrument measuring healthcare professionals' and students' attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Developed in the early 2000s, it assesses openness, acceptance, and perceived legitimacy of CAM alongside conventional medicine, helping identify educational gaps and organiza

2 مصادر2003
health measurement

AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a 10-item screening and assessment tool developed by the World Health Organization in 1993. It rapidly identifies hazardous alcohol use, harmful drinking, and alcohol dependence across diverse populations. The AUDIT has become the gold-standard alcohol screening

3 مصادر1993
health measurement

AUDIT-C

The AUDIT-C is a 3-item brief alcohol screening tool derived from the first three questions of the full AUDIT. Published by Bush and colleagues in 2003, it assesses alcohol consumption frequency and quantity in under one minute. The AUDIT-C has become the standard ultra-brief screen for problem drinking in primary care

3 مصادر2003
addiction medicine

AUQ

The AUQ is an 8-item self-report instrument that measures the intensity of urges and desire to drink alcohol. Developed by Bohn, Krahn, and Staehler in 1995, it is designed to assess craving in individuals with alcohol use disorder who are abstaining or attempting to reduce drinking. The AUQ is a brief, validated tool

1 مصدر1995
healthcare management

Balanced Scorecard in Healthcare

The Balanced Scorecard is a strategic performance management framework that translates an organization's mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth. Developed by Kaplan and Norton in 1992 for general bu

3 مصادر1992
addiction medicine

BAM

The BAM is a 17-item self-report instrument designed to provide rapid, multimodal assessment of substance use, craving, risk factors, protective factors, and psychosocial functioning in individuals receiving addiction treatment. Developed by Cacciola and colleagues in 2013, it serves as an efficient outcome monitoring

1 مصدر2013
health behavior

Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire

The Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPA) is a scale designed to identify and measure perceived obstacles to exercise engagement. Rooted in the Health Belief Model and Health Promotion Model, the BPA assesses multiple categories of barriers—time constraints, lack of motivation, physical discomfort, cost, la

1 مصدر1987
rehabilitation

Barthel ADL Index

The Barthel Index is a brief, observer-rated scale measuring independence in activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with disability, stroke, and neurological conditions. Developed by Barthel and Mahoney in 1965, it has become a widely used outcome measure in rehabilitation, stroke care, and geriatrics for assessi

3 مصادر1965
nursing

Barthel Index

The Barthel Index (BI) is one of the most widely used functional assessment tools measuring independence in activities of daily living. Developed by Florence I. Mahoney and Dorothea W. Barthel in 1965, the Barthel Index evaluates a patient's ability to perform ten essential self-care and mobility activities. Its longev

2 مصادر1965
health behavior

Basic Psychological Needs Scale

The Basic Psychological Needs Questionnaire (BPNQ), developed by Gagné (2003) and grounded in Self-Determination Theory by Deci and Ryan, measures satisfaction of three fundamental human psychological needs: Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness. According to Self-Determination Theory, these three needs are universally

2 مصادر2003
nursing

Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool

The Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BJWAT), originally developed as the Pressure Sore Status Tool, is a comprehensive instrument for objectively assessing pressure ulcer characteristics and monitoring healing progress. Created by Barbara M. Bates-Jensen, the tool evaluates 13 distinct wound dimensions including siz

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Bayesian Case Series

Bayesian case series is an observational epidemiological method that applies Bayesian inference to case series data — typically records of patients who experienced both a drug or vaccine exposure and an adverse health event. By incorporating prior evidence and computing posterior estimates of the incidence rate ratio w

2 مصادر1995
epidemiology

Bayesian Case-Control Study

A Bayesian case-control study applies Bayesian statistical inference to the classic case-control epidemiological design, formally combining prior knowledge about exposure-disease associations with observed case and control data to estimate posterior odds ratios and credible intervals. Rather than relying solely on obse

2 مصادر1990
epidemiology

Bayesian Case-Crossover Design

The Bayesian case-crossover design is a self-matched epidemiological method that estimates the transient effect of a time-varying exposure on the risk of an acute event. Each case serves as their own control, eliminating confounding by time-stable individual characteristics. Bayesian inference replaces or supplements t

2 مصادر1991
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