按方法、领域与证据探索科学。

Thesis and Dissertation

A thesis (Master's level) or dissertation (doctoral level) is an original research document required for completion of graduate degree programs, serving as the capstone of a student's graduate training. A Master's thesis typically represents 1–2 years of research; a PhD dissertation, 3–5 years. Both require original em

scientometrics

Time-sliced Bibliographic coupling

Time-sliced bibliographic coupling divides a publication corpus into successive time windows and applies bibliographic coupling analysis within each window to track how research fronts emerge, shift, merge, or disappear across time. It transforms a static snapshot technique into a longitudinal tool for mapping the inte

scientometrics

Time-sliced Bibliometric Analysis

Time-sliced bibliometric analysis partitions a literature corpus into consecutive time windows and applies standard bibliometric indicators (publication counts, citation patterns, co-authorship networks, keyword frequencies) within each window. By comparing results across slices, researchers can document how a field's

scientometrics

Time-sliced Citation analysis

Time-sliced citation analysis partitions a body of literature into sequential temporal windows — for example, five-year intervals — and performs citation analysis within and across each window. This reveals how citation patterns, influential papers, and knowledge flows shift over time, providing a dynamic picture of a

scientometrics

Time-sliced Mapping review

A time-sliced mapping review is a systematic evidence synthesis that partitions the search period into discrete temporal segments — such as five-year intervals — and constructs a separate evidence map for each slice. By comparing maps across periods, researchers can chart how topics emerge, peak, decline, or transform

scientometrics

Time-sliced Meta-analysis

Time-sliced meta-analysis is a variant of standard meta-analysis in which the primary studies are partitioned into successive time periods (slices) and a separate pooled effect estimate is computed for each period. By comparing pooled effects across periods, researchers can detect whether an intervention's effectivenes

scientometrics

Time-sliced Scientometric Analysis

Time-sliced scientometric analysis divides a bibliographic corpus into discrete temporal windows — commonly five- or ten-year periods — and applies standard scientometric indicators (publication counts, citation rates, h-index, collaboration networks, keyword co-occurrence) within each slice. By comparing results acros

scientometrics

Time-sliced Systematic literature review

A time-sliced systematic literature review applies the rigorous search, screening, and synthesis protocol of a standard systematic review while dividing the retrieved corpus into discrete temporal periods — time slices — and analyzing each period separately. This design reveals how a research field has developed across

scientometrics

Time-sliced Thematic Evolution Analysis

Time-sliced thematic evolution analysis is a bibliometric method that divides a corpus of publications into consecutive time windows and tracks how research themes emerge, consolidate, split, merge, or disappear across those periods. By applying co-word analysis and strategic-diagram mapping within each slice and then

qualitative research

Trustworthiness Criteria in Qualitative Research

Trustworthiness is a framework for evaluating the quality and rigor of qualitative research, developed by Lincoln and Guba (1985) as an alternative to quantitative criteria (internal validity, external validity, reliability, objectivity). The framework comprises five criteria: credibility (findings are accurate and gro

research ethics

Turnitin and iThenticate Similarity Detection

Turnitin and iThenticate are commercial text-matching software tools used by educational institutions and academic journals to screen submissions for potential plagiarism. Turnitin is designed for student assignments; iThenticate is designed for researcher manuscripts. Both tools compare submitted text against billions

research ethics

Types of Ethics Committees in Research

Research ethics committees are independent governance bodies established to review and oversee human subjects research. In the United States, these are called Institutional Review Boards (IRBs); in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth nations, Research Ethics Committees (RECs); and in European Union and other jurisdicti

bibliometrics

Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory

Ulrichsweb is a comprehensive, subscription-based global serials directory cataloging over 300,000 print and electronic journals, magazines, newspapers, and other periodical publications. Developed by ProQuest (originally R.R. Bowker), Ulrichsweb has served librarians and researchers for over 90 years as the authoritat

evidence synthesis

Umbrella Review

An umbrella review is a systematic synthesis of multiple systematic reviews addressing overlapping or related research questions, typically on the same topic or intervention. Also called a 'review of reviews' or 'overview of reviews,' umbrella reviews consolidate evidence when two or more high-quality systematic review

research methodology

Validity and Reliability in Research

Validity and reliability are two foundational concepts in research quality. Reliability refers to the consistency and reproducibility of measurements: do repeated applications of an instrument yield the same results? Validity refers to the truthfulness of inferences: does an instrument measure what it claims to measure

academic writing

Vancouver Referencing Style

Vancouver style is the standard citation format for biomedical and clinical research journals, established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and detailed in their Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. In Vancouver styl

research ethics

Verbatim Plagiarism

Verbatim plagiarism is the most straightforward and recognizable form of academic misconduct: copying text word-for-word from a source without quotation marks, citation, or attribution. It is the most easily detected form of plagiarism and carries severe institutional and career consequences.

bibliometrics

VOSviewer and CiteSpace Tools

VOSviewer and CiteSpace are specialized software tools designed to conduct bibliometric analysis and create science maps from research literature. VOSviewer (developed by Van Eck & Waltman, 2010) excels at creating publication landscapes through co-occurrence, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling analysis with intui

scientometrics

VOSviewer-assisted citation analysis

VOSviewer-assisted citation analysis combines established citation analysis methodology with the visual mapping capabilities of VOSviewer, a free bibliometric software developed at Leiden University. Researchers export bibliographic records from databases such as Web of Science or Scopus, import them into VOSviewer, an

scientometrics

VOSviewer-assisted co-citation analysis

VOSviewer-assisted co-citation analysis combines Henry Small's co-citation measure — counting how often two documents are jointly cited by later work — with VOSviewer's automated network construction and visual mapping capabilities. The result is a spatial map of the intellectual base of a research field, where documen

scientometrics

VOSviewer-assisted co-word analysis

VOSviewer-assisted co-word analysis is a scientometric pipeline that constructs and visualizes keyword co-occurrence networks from a bibliographic corpus using VOSviewer software. By mapping how often pairs of author-assigned or index keywords appear together in the same publications, the method reveals the intellectua

scientometrics

VOSviewer-assisted meta-analysis

VOSviewer-assisted meta-analysis integrates the bibliometric network visualisation capabilities of VOSviewer into the literature identification and mapping phases of a standard meta-analysis. Before the statistical pooling of effect sizes begins, VOSviewer is used to visualise co-citation networks, keyword co-occurrenc

scientometrics

VOSviewer-assisted science mapping

VOSviewer-assisted science mapping uses the VOSviewer software — developed at Leiden University — to construct and visualize bibliometric networks from publication metadata. It applies the VOS (Visualization of Similarities) mapping technique to reveal intellectual structures in a research field: co-authorship networks

scientometrics

VOSviewer-assisted scoping review

A VOSviewer-assisted scoping review integrates the structured, broad-mapping purpose of a scoping review with VOSviewer's bibliometric visualization capabilities. After standard database searching and eligibility screening, the retained records are exported to VOSviewer, which produces co-authorship, keyword co-occurre

scientometrics

VOSviewer-assisted systematic literature review

A VOSviewer-assisted systematic literature review combines the rigorous search-and-appraisal pipeline of a standard systematic review with bibliometric network visualization produced by the VOSviewer software. The approach allows researchers to systematically retrieve and screen the literature while simultaneously mapp

scientometrics

VOSviewer-assisted thematic evolution analysis

VOSviewer-assisted thematic evolution analysis is a scientometric pipeline that uses the VOSviewer software to build keyword co-occurrence networks across chronological time slices of a bibliographic dataset, revealing how research themes emerge, converge, fragment, or disappear over time within a scientific field. By

research ethics

Waiver of Informed Consent in Research

A waiver of informed consent permits research to proceed without obtaining prospective written or verbal consent from participants. This exception to the standard informed consent requirement applies to specific low-risk research scenarios where obtaining consent is impractical, unnecessary, or would compromise researc

bibliometrics

Web of Science Database

Web of Science (WoS) is the oldest and most established multidisciplinary citation database, maintained by Clarivate Analytics since 1964. It indexes over 21,000 peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and books across sciences, social sciences, and humanities. WoS provides researchers, librarians, and administ