按方法、领域与证据探索科学。

Social Media Anxiety Scale

The Social Media Anxiety Scale measures the extent to which individuals experience anxiety, apprehension, and psychological distress related to social media use. Developed by Przybylski and colleagues (2013) and expanded by Elhai and colleagues, the scale captures the 'Fear of Missing Out' (FOMO) construct—anxiety abou

healthcare management

Staffing Ratio Analysis

Staffing Ratio Analysis is a systematic method for determining appropriate healthcare worker levels (nurses, physicians, technicians) based on patient volume, acuity, and task requirements. Research shows that staffing levels directly impact patient safety, quality, and staff burnout; systematic analysis supports evide

health behavior

Stages of Change Questionnaire

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM), also called the Stages of Change model, is a framework developed by James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente in 1983 to understand how people modify problematic behaviors and adopt healthier ones. The central premise is that behavior change is not an all-or-nothing event but a process that

healthcare management

TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire

The TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire (T-TPQ) is a 35-item self-report instrument designed to measure team members' perceptions of teamwork and communication in clinical units. Developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Department of Defense, the T-TPQ was created specifically to ev

health informatics

Telemedicine Satisfaction Scale

The Telemedicine Satisfaction Scale measures patient satisfaction with remote clinical encounters, assessing perceptions of communication quality, technical usability, provider competence, and perceived benefit. While no single universal scale dominates the literature, core satisfaction domains—connection quality, prov

implementation science

Theoretical Domains Framework

The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) is a 14-domain model that integrates constructs from 33 behavior change and implementation theories to identify barriers and facilitators to professional and public behavior change. Developed by Michie et al. (2005) to provide a practical tool for implementation scientists and be

health behavior

Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a psychological framework developed by Icek Ajzen in 1991 to predict and understand deliberate human behavior. The TPB questionnaire measures four core constructs that explain why people intend to perform (or not perform) a specific behavior: attitudes toward the behavior, subjec

public health

Vaccination Confidence Scale

The WHO Vaccination Confidence Scale (VCS) is a multi-domain instrument measuring three conceptually distinct dimensions of vaccine hesitancy: Confidence (trust in vaccine safety and effectiveness), Complacency (perceived need for vaccination), and Convenience (accessibility and practical barriers). Developed by the WH

health economics

Willingness to Pay in Health

Willingness to pay (WTP) is an economic valuation method that elicits what individuals or society are willing to spend for a health benefit or to avoid a health risk. Rooted in contingent valuation (Carson & Louviere, 1980s), WTP is used to monetize health outcomes for cost-benefit analysis and to infer implicit cost-e