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IF-MABAC (Intuitionistic extension of MABAC) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Li, Y. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-MARCOS (Intuitionistic extension of MARCOS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-MAUT (Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (IFWA-based additive utility)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-MOORA (Intuitionistic extension of MOORA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-MULTIMOORA (Intuitionistic extension of MULTIMOORA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-PROMETHEE (Intuitionistic Fuzzy PROMETHEE) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-SAW (Intuitionistic extension of SAW) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-TODIM (Intuitionistic Fuzzy TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-TOPSIS (Intuitionistic Fuzzy TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-VIKOR (Intuitionistic extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-WASPAS (Intuitionistic extension of WASPAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IF-WPM (Intuitionistic extension of WPM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
Imprecise probability is a generalization of standard probability theory that represents epistemic uncertainty through sets of probability measures, called credal sets, rather than a single precise distribution. Introduced systematically by Peter Walley in his 1991 monograph, the framework characterizes beliefs via low
Integer programming (IP), also called mixed-integer programming (MIP) when only some variables are restricted to whole numbers, is a branch of mathematical optimisation in which some or all decision variables must take integer or binary values. Building on linear programming, it was formalised through Ralph Gomory's cu
INTERVAL-GRA (Interval-Number Grey-Related Analysis) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Olson, D. L., Wu, D. in 2008. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
The Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) is an optimization problem that jointly determines inventory levels at customer locations, delivery routes, and shipment quantities to minimize total logistics and inventory holding costs. Rather than treating inventory management and vehicle routing as separate decisions, IRP recogn
IR-CODAS (Interval Rough CODAS (Combinative Distance-based Assessment with Interval Rough Numbers for MCGDM)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cherif, M. R. Frikha, H. M. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducibl
Irrigation Scheduling with ETo is a water balance pipeline for determining when and how much to irrigate based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo), soil properties, and crop water demand. Standardized by the FAO in the Penman-Monteith equation and widely adopted globally, this method enables efficient water use in ir
IV-ARAS (Interval extension of ARAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Moore, R. E. in 1966. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-CODAS (IVAIF-CODAS — Interval-Valued Atanassov Intuitionistic Fuzzy CODAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yeni, F. B., Özçelik, G. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-COPRAS (Interval extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Moore, R. E. in 1966. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-EDAS (Interval extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Moore, R. E. in 1966. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-MARCOS (Interval extension of MARCOS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Moore, R. E. in 1966. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-MOORA (Interval extension of MOORA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Moore, R. E. in 1966. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-PROJECTION (Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Projection-based MCDM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yue, Z. (2019) — primary normalized IVIFS projection Tsao, C. Y.; Chen, T. Y. (2016) — compromise variant Atanassov, K. T.; Gargov, G. (1989) — IVIFS foundation in 2019; IVI
IV-SAW (Interval extension of SAW) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Moore, R. E. in 1966. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-TODIM (Interval extension of TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Mishra, A. R., Rani, P., Pardasani, K. R., Mardani, A., Stević, Ž., Pamučar, D. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-TOPSIS (Interval extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Jahanshahloo, G. R., Lotfi, F. H., Izadikhah, M. in 2006. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-VIKOR (Interval extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Moore, R. E. in 1966. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IV-WASPAS (Interval extension of WASPAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Moore, R. E. in 1966. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IVIF-ARAS (Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy ARAS (Büyüközkan & Göçer 2018)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T., Gargov, G. in 1989. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IVIF-CODAS-SORT (Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy CODAS-SORT (sorting via Euclidean+Hamming relative assessment)) is a sorting multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ouhibi, A. Frikha, H. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproduci
IVIF-COPRAS (Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy COPRAS (Davoudabadi-Mousavi-Mohagheghi-Vahdani 2019)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T., Gargov, G. in 1989. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible res
IVIF-MABAC (Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy MABAC (Xue, You, Lai, Liu 2016)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T., Gargov, G. in 1989. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IVIF-TODIM (Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy TODIM (Krohling & Pacheco 2014)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T., Gargov, G. in 1989. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IVIF-VIKOR (Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy VIKOR (Park, Cho & Kwun 2011)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T., Gargov, G. in 1989. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
IVN-MULTIMOORA (MULTIMOORA under Interval-Valued Neutrosophic Number Environment) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Stanujkić, D. Zavadskas, E.K. Smarandache, F. Brauers, W.K.M. Karabašević, D. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a s
The Jellyfish Search Optimizer (JSO) is a biologically-inspired metaheuristic algorithm introduced by Shi et al. in 2022, based on the movement and foraging behavior of jellyfish in ocean environments. Jellyfish exhibit two distinct behaviors: passive drifting with ocean currents (exploration) and active swimming towar
Jensen-Shannon divergence is a symmetric information-theoretic measure of the difference between two probability distributions. Developed by Jian Lin in 1991 as a refinement to the asymmetric Kullback-Leibler divergence, it overcomes KL's directional limitation by averaging the divergences in both directions. The resul
Job shop scheduling is the problem of assigning a set of jobs (tasks) to a set of machines (resources) over time, subject to precedence and capacity constraints, with the goal of optimizing performance metrics such as makespan (total completion time), lateness, or cost. The job shop problem is a classic combinatorial o
Kanban is a pull-based production control system developed by Taiichi Ohno at Toyota in the 1950s that uses visual signals (traditionally cards or bins) to trigger production and movement of materials based on actual demand rather than forecasts. The Japanese word 'kanban' means 'visual card' or 'sign,' and the system
KEMENY-YOUNG (Kemeny-Young — Optimal rank aggregation minimising Kendall τ disagreement) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Kemeny, J. G. in 1959. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
KEMIRA (KEmeny Median Indicator Ranks Accordance) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Krylovas, A. Zavadskas, E. K. Kosareva, N. Dadelo, S. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) is a 39-item self-report questionnaire measuring trait mindfulness across four theoretically distinct skills: Observing, Describing, Acting with Awareness, and Accepting Without Judgment. Developed by Baer, Smith, and Allen in 2004 at the University of Kentucky, the K
The Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI) is a self-report assessment based on experiential learning theory that identifies how individuals prefer to learn. Developed by David Kolb in 1984, it classifies learners into four styles—Diverging, Assimilating, Converging, and Accommodating—based on two dimensions: how informat
Kullback-Leibler divergence, also called relative entropy or information divergence, measures the asymmetric difference between two probability distributions. Introduced by Solomon Kullback and Richard Leibler in 1951, this information-theoretic measure quantifies how one probability distribution diverges from a refere
L2T-CODAS (Linguistic extension of L2T-CODAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by He, Y., Wei, G., Chen, X., Zhao, J. in 2019. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
L2T-COPRAS (Linguistic extension of L2T-COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Gai, T., Cao, M., Cao, Q., Wu, J., Yu, G., Zhou, M. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
L2T-EDAS (2-Tuple Linguistic Neutrosophic EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Wang, P., Wang, J., Wei, G. in 2019. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
L2T-MULTIMOORA (2-Tuple Linguistic MULTIMOORA (Balezentis & Balezentis 2011)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Baležentis, Alvydas, Baležentis, Tomas in 2006 crisp; 2011 variant applicator. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, r
L2T-SAW (Linguistic extension of L2T-SAW) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cid-López, A., Hornos, M. J., Carrasco, R. A., Herrera-Viedma, E. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
L2T-TODIM (Linguistic extension of L2T-TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Qi, X., Liang, C., Zhang, J. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
L2T-TOPSIS (Linguistic extension of L2T-TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Wei, G. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
L2T-VIKOR (Linguistic extension of L2T-VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ju, Y., Wang, A. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
LBWA (Level Based Weight Assessment) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Žižović, M., Pamučar, D. in 2019. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
Levenshtein distance, also called edit distance, measures the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions, substitutions) needed to transform one string into another. Introduced by Vladimir Levenshtein in 1966, this metric is a true metric (satisfying all distance properties) and is fundamental in c
Lexicographic BWM combines the strengths of the Best Worst Method with lexicographic (sequential) optimization. Instead of weighting all criteria simultaneously, it assigns criteria to priority levels, solves the BWM for the highest-priority criteria first, then solves for lower-priority criteria while keeping the high
Lexicographic Goal Programming (LGP) is a variant of goal programming introduced by Charnes and Cooper in the 1960s. It prioritizes multiple goals in a strict ordinal hierarchy, solving optimization problems sequentially: first achieve the highest-priority goal, then the second-highest while maintaining the first, and
Linear programming (LP), pioneered by George B. Dantzig in 1947, is a mathematical method for finding the best value of a linear objective function — such as minimum cost or maximum profit — subject to a set of linear inequality and equality constraints. It is the foundational technique in operations research and under
LINEAR-MAX-NORMALIZATION (Linear Max Normalization — division by column maximum (benefit) or column minimum over value (cost)) is a normalization multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Fishburn, P. C. in 1967. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured,