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手法統計学1,836 人工知能・機械学習1,661 意思決定科学932 研究方法1,354 測定1,745 因果とエビデンス532 研究実践118

38 件の手法 Social Sciencesで · 研究方法クリア

2つのフィルターが交差する位置にある手法。

並べ替え人気順 A–Z Z–A 新着順

qualitative research

Data Saturation in Qualitative Research

Data saturation is a foundational principle in qualitative research describing the point at which data collection yields no new themes, codes, or insights—additional data becomes redundant. Introduced by Glaser and Strauss (1967) in their work on grounded theory, saturation guides decisions about sample size and when t

4件の出典1967

qualitative research

Document Analysis

Document analysis is a systematic qualitative research method for examining written, visual, or audiovisual sources—such as policy documents, historical records, organizational records, media reports, emails, social media posts, photographs, or videos—to extract meaning, identify patterns, and understand social phenome

4件の出典1920

Electron Spin Resonance Dating

Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating is a chronometric method that determines the age of bones, teeth, mollusk shells, and sediments by measuring accumulated radiation-induced unpaired electrons. Developed by Michael Aitken in the 1980s, ESR detects free radicals trapped in mineral crystal structures. Unlike luminescen

3件の出典1980

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is a chronometric method that determines the age of sedimentary materials by measuring light-induced electron release from mineral grains. Developed by David Huntley and colleagues in the 1980s, it measures the time elapsed since sediment was last exposed to sunlight. This

3件の出典1985

qualitative research

Qualitative Content Analysis

Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) is a systematic, inductive method for analyzing textual or visual data by identifying and categorizing meaning units into content categories. Developed and formalized by Klaus Krippendorff (1980), QCA can be purely qualitative (inductive, exploratory) or combined with quantitative cou

3件の出典1980

qualitative research

Thematic Analysis

Thematic Analysis (TA) is a qualitative research methodology for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) in qualitative data. Developed systematically by Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke (2006), TA is flexible and accessible, applicable across diverse theoretical frameworks and data types, making it o

3件の出典2006

Thermoluminescence Dating

Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is a chronometric technique that determines the age of pottery, ceramics, and sediments by measuring light emitted when heated to high temperatures. Pioneered by Michael Aitken in the 1960s, it quantifies the accumulated radiation dose stored in mineral crystal lattices. The method revolu

3件の出典1960

Uranium-Thorium Dating

Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dating is a chronometric method that determines the age of carbonates, shells, bones, and coral by measuring the ratio of uranium isotopes to thorium-230. First applied by Harmon Craig in the 1950s, it exploits the natural radioactive decay chain of uranium. U-Th dating is particularly valuable f

3件の出典1955

qualitative research

Action Research

Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, a

3件の出典1946

Archaeomagnetic Dating

Archaeomagnetic dating uses changes in Earth's magnetic field intensity and direction recorded in fired clay artifacts to determine age. Pioneered by Robert Coe in the 1960s, the method measures the magnetization of pottery and baked clay features, comparing measurements to a master curve of geomagnetic variation throu

2件の出典1968

qualitative research

Case Study Research

Case study research is an intensive, contextual investigation of a single case (or small number of cases) to explore a phenomenon in depth. Developed systematically by Robert K. Yin (1984) and Robert E. Stake (1995), case study research employs multiple data sources (interviews, observation, documents, artifacts) to pr

3件の出典1984

Ceramic Petrography

Ceramic petrography analyzes pottery through microscopic examination of thin sections cut from pottery sherds. This method determines clay sources, identifies non-plastic inclusions (temper), and reconstructs pottery production technology. Pioneered by Peter Stimmung and others, ceramic petrography reveals whether pott

3件の出典1976

Dental Microwear Texture Analysis

Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) is a method that reconstructs diet and dietary behavior from microscopic wear patterns on the surfaces of teeth. Pioneered by Mark Teaford in the 1980s, DMTA analyzes the three-dimensional texture of wear patterns produced as food is chewed. The method reflects short-term (last

3件の出典1988

qualitative research

Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze la

3件の出典1989

qualitative research

Ethnographic Research

Ethnographic research is an immersive qualitative methodology in which researchers spend prolonged time in a community, organization, or social setting, combining participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to develop a rich, contextual understanding of a group's beliefs, practices, and social structures

3件の出典1920

qualitative research

Focus Group Methodology

Focus group discussions are a qualitative research method in which a trained moderator guides a small group (typically 6–12 participants) through structured or semi-structured discussion of a specific topic or product. Developed by Merton and Lazarsfeld in the 1950s for market research, focus groups are now widely used

4件の出典1956

qualitative research

Grounded Theory

Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.

3件の出典1967

HRAF Cross-Cultural Analysis

HRAF (Human Relations Area Files) cross-cultural analysis compares ethnographic data from diverse societies to identify patterns and test hypotheses about human social organization and cultural practices. Developed by George Murdock and colleagues, the method uses a standardized database of ethnographic information cod

2件の出典1967

qualitative research

In-Depth Interview Method

In-depth interviews are a qualitative research method in which a trained interviewer conducts one-on-one conversations with individual participants using open-ended questions to explore their experiences, perspectives, and understandings of a phenomenon. Developed in the 1950s by Rogers and Hyman, the method varies alo

4件の出典1954

Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) measures trace element concentrations in archaeological artifacts by bombarding samples with neutrons and analyzing the resulting gamma-ray emissions. Developed as a systematic archaeological method by Michael Glascock and colleagues, INAA provides chemical fingerprints o

2件の出典1992

qualitative research

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is a qualitative research methodology that explores how people make sense of significant personal experiences. Developed by Jonathan Smith (1999) and grounded in phenomenology and hermeneutics, IPA examines individual experience in detail before identifying shared patterns

3件の出典1999

Isotope Diet Reconstruction

Isotope diet reconstruction uses the stable isotope ratios of carbon (C13/C12) and nitrogen (N15/N14) in human bone collagen to infer the composition of past diets. Pioneered by Margaret Schoeninger and Michael DeNiro in the 1980s, this method reveals long-term dietary patterns by analyzing the chemical signature of fo

3件の出典1983

qualitative research

Member Checking and Respondent Validation

Member checking is a quality assurance procedure in qualitative research in which the researcher shares preliminary findings, interpretations, or analytical themes with research participants and asks whether the findings accurately reflect their perspectives and experiences. Developed by Lincoln and Guba (1985) as a tr

4件の出典1985

Minimum Number of Individuals

Minimum number of individuals (MNI) is a quantitative zooarchaeological method that estimates the minimum number of animals represented in a faunal assemblage based on the frequency of unique skeletal elements. Developed by Theodore White in 1953, it is one of the most widely used techniques for analyzing animal bone a

3件の出典1953

qualitative research

Narrative Inquiry

Narrative inquiry is a qualitative research methodology that treats stories and life narratives as primary data, analyzing how individuals construct meaning and identity through storytelling. Developed by D. Jean Clandinin and F. Michael Connelly (2000), narrative inquiry examines the narratives people tell about their

3件の出典2000

Number of Identified Specimens

Number of identified specimens (NISP) is a fundamental zooarchaeological method that quantifies the abundance of faunal remains by counting all identifiable bone fragments or specimens in an assemblage. Formalized by R. E. Chaplin and later refined by Donald Grayson and others, NISP is the most straightforward and wide

3件の出典1971

qualitative research

NVivo and ATLAS.ti for Qualitative Analysis

NVivo and ATLAS.ti are Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) programs that facilitate coding, organizing, and analyzing qualitative data—including text (transcripts, documents), images, video, and audio. NVivo, developed by QSR International, is widely used in academic research and supports data

4件の出典1999

Obsidian Hydration Dating

Obsidian hydration dating (OHD) is a chronometric method that determines the age of obsidian artifacts by measuring the thickness of a hydration layer formed on their exposed surfaces. Developed by Irving Friedman and Robert Smith in 1960, it is based on the principle that fresh obsidian surfaces absorb water from the

3件の出典1960

qualitative research

Participant Observation

Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural mea

4件の出典1922

qualitative research

Phenomenological Research

Phenomenological research is a qualitative methodology focused on understanding the lived experience of a phenomenon as it is experienced by individuals. Rooted in the philosophical traditions of Edmund Husserl (descriptive phenomenology) and Martin Heidegger (interpretive phenomenology), this approach seeks to uncover

3件の出典1900

Predictive Site Location

Predictive site location modeling uses machine learning algorithms (particularly maximum entropy models) to predict the probability of archaeological site occurrence across a landscape based on environmental and spatial variables. Developed for ecology but adapted for archaeology, predictive modeling identifies areas w

2件の出典2006

qualitative research

Reflexivity in Qualitative Research

Reflexivity is the practice of examining how the researcher's identity, assumptions, relationships, and values influence the research process and findings. Rather than treating objectivity as achievable detachment, reflexivity acknowledges that the researcher is embedded within the research and cannot be fully separate

4件の出典1990

Space Syntax

Space syntax is a quantitative method that analyzes the spatial configuration of buildings and settlements to understand social organization and movement patterns. Developed by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson in the 1980s, space syntax measures how open or segregated spaces are, and how these properties relate to soci

2件の出典1984

Strontium Provenance

Strontium isotope provenance analysis uses the ratios of strontium-87 to strontium-86 in human skeletal remains to determine geographic origin and track human mobility and migration. Developed by Jonathan Ericson in the 1980s, this method exploits the fact that strontium isotope ratios in the environment vary geographi

3件の出典1985

Tephrochronology

Tephrochronology is a chronometric and stratigraphic technique that uses volcanic ash layers (tephra) as time markers to date and correlate archaeological and geological deposits. Pioneered by Icelandic geologist Sigurdur Thorarinsson in 1944, it exploits the fact that large explosive volcanic eruptions deposit distinc

3件の出典1944

qualitative research

Trustworthiness Criteria in Qualitative Research

Trustworthiness is a framework for evaluating the quality and rigor of qualitative research, developed by Lincoln and Guba (1985) as an alternative to quantitative criteria (internal validity, external validity, reliability, objectivity). The framework comprises five criteria: credibility (findings are accurate and gro

4件の出典1985

Use-Wear Analysis

Use-wear analysis (also called microwear or tool-use analysis) is a method that infers the function of stone tools from microscopic wear patterns on their cutting edges and surfaces. Pioneered by Lawrence Keeley in the 1970s-1980s, this technique examines damage patterns, polishes, and edge rounding produced as tools c

3件の出典1980

Viewshed Analysis

Viewshed analysis examines what is visible from specific locations or within a defined area using digital elevation models (DEMs) and geographic information systems (GIS). Pioneered by David Wheatley in the 1990s, the method reveals how landscape features (hilltops, valleys, water sources) controlled visibility and mov

2件の出典1995