Latent structureScale / measurement

Differential Item Functioning (DIF)

Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.

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Sources

  1. Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
  2. Dorans, N. J. & Kulick, E. (1986). Demonstrating the utility of the standardization approach to assessing unexpected differential item performance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Journal of Educational Measurement, 23(4), 355–368. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3984.1986.tb00255.x

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Referenced by

ScholarGateDifferential Item Functioning (Differential Item Functioning). Retrieved 2026-06-04 from https://scholargate.app/en/psychometrics/differential-item-functioning