Latent structureScale / measurement

Longitudinal Differential Item Functioning (Longitudinal DIF)

Longitudinal differential item functioning detects whether individual test or scale items behave differently across measurement occasions for the same respondents. It extends standard DIF methodology to repeated-measures designs, ensuring that observed change scores genuinely reflect construct change rather than shifts in item characteristics over time.

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Sources

  1. Millsap, R. E., & Kwok, O. M. (2004). Evaluating the impact of partial factorial measurement invariance on selection in two groups. Psychological Methods, 9(1), 93–115. DOI: 10.1037/1082-989X.9.1.93
  2. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70. DOI: 10.1177/109442810031002

Related methods

ScholarGateLongitudinal DIF (Longitudinal Differential Item Functioning). Retrieved 2026-06-04 from https://scholargate.app/en/psychometrics/longitudinal-differential-item-functioning