Objevujte vědu podle metody, oboru a důkazů.

Mapping Review

A mapping review (also called a systematic map or evidence map) is a form of systematic review that aims to chart the extent, range, and nature of evidence on a broad topic rather than synthesize findings into a single pooled answer. It categorizes studies by key dimensions — such as intervention type, population, outc

2 zdrojů1990

Meta-ethnography

Meta-ethnography is a systematic method for synthesising findings across multiple qualitative studies by comparing and translating the conceptual frameworks and metaphors each study uses. Developed by Noblit and Hare in 1988, it produces a new interpretive account that goes beyond any single study, preserving the richn

2 zdrojů1988

Meta-Regression-Based Co-Word Analysis

Meta-regression-based co-word analysis is a hybrid scientometric technique that enriches traditional co-word mapping by weighting keyword co-occurrence networks with meta-regression-derived effect estimates. Instead of treating all documents as equally informative, the method uses statistical regression to incorporate

meta-regression-based rapid review

A meta-regression-based rapid review is an accelerated evidence synthesis that combines the time-efficient protocols of a rapid review with meta-regression analysis to identify which study-level or population-level characteristics explain variability in effect sizes across included studies. By streamlining search and s

Mosaic Plagiarism

Mosaic plagiarism, also called patch-writing, occurs when an author mixes copied phrases and sentences from a source with original text, rearranges material from multiple sources, or interweaves paraphrased and verbatim passages without proper citation or quotation marks. It is difficult to detect because the copied po

Narrative Literature Review

A narrative literature review is an interpretive synthesis of published research organized around themes, concepts, or historical progression rather than systematic search. Unlike systematic reviews, narrative reviews employ subjective study selection, do not require protocol registration, and prioritize depth of inter

3 zdrojů1900

Network-based Co-citation Analysis

Network-based co-citation analysis is a bibliometric technique that measures how often pairs of documents are cited together by later works, then models those relationships as a weighted network. Nodes represent documents (or authors or journals), edges represent co-citation frequency, and network algorithms identify c

2 zdrojů1973

Network-based Mapping review

A network-based mapping review combines the breadth of a traditional evidence mapping exercise with bibliometric network analysis to chart the structural landscape of a research field. Rather than simply cataloguing studies by topic, this approach constructs citation, co-authorship, or co-word networks to reveal cluste

Network-based Scientometric analysis

Network-based scientometric analysis applies graph-theoretic methods to bibliographic data — publications, citations, authors, and keywords — to map the intellectual structure of a scientific field. By modeling documents or authors as nodes and their relationships (citations, co-authorships, co-word occurrences) as edg

2 zdrojů1965

Nuremberg Code

The Nuremberg Code (1947) is the first international ethical code governing human experimentation, established by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg following trials of Nazi physicians for conducting torture and unethical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. Its ten principles, led by absolute req

2 zdrojů1947

Open Access Publishing Models

Open access (OA) publishing removes subscription paywalls, making research freely available to all readers online without subscription fees. The Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) defined OA as the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link research freely. Multiple OA models exist: Gold OA

3 zdrojů2002

research skills

ORCID Researcher Identifier

ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) is a free, unique, persistent 16-digit identifier assigned to researchers that distinguishes them from others with the same or similar names. Launched in 2012 by ORCID Inc., a non-profit organization, the ORCID system addresses a critical problem in scholarly communication: na

3 zdrojů2010

Original Research Article

An original research article is the primary vehicle for reporting new empirical findings in a discipline. Following the IMRaD structure (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion), it represents a researcher's novel data, analysis, and interpretation. The journal article format has been the gold standard for scien

3 zdrojů1665

Paraphrasing Plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism occurs when an author rewrites another's ideas in different words but does not cite the source. Unlike verbatim plagiarism (copying word-for-word), paraphrasing plagiarism involves changing vocabulary and sentence structure while retaining the original argument, logic, or conceptual content with

3 zdrojů1980

Participant Debriefing Procedures

Participant debriefing is a post-study conversation or disclosure providing information to participants after research participation concludes. Debriefing serves multiple ethical purposes: (1) explaining the research aims and design, (2) revealing any deception (if applicable), (3) addressing misconceptions, (4) offeri

4 zdrojů1982

Peer Review Process

Peer review is the process by which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the same field before publication in academic journals. Reviewers assess the manuscript's scientific merit, methodology, clarity, and contribution to the field. Established in 1665 with the first scientific journal (Philosophical Transactions o

3 zdrojů1665

Plagiarism in Academic Research

Plagiarism—the use of others' words, ideas, or methods without attribution—is formally classified as research misconduct by the U.S. Office of Research Integrity and most institutions worldwide. It ranges from verbatim copying of text to paraphrasing without citation to presenting others' ideas as one's own. Unlike acc

3 zdrojů1989

Predatory Journals and Publishers

Predatory journals are fake academic publishers that exploit the open-access model by charging authors publication fees without providing peer review, editorial oversight, or quality control. Coined by librarian Jeffrey Beall in 2010, the term describes publishers that prioritize profit over scientific integrity, accep

3 zdrojů2010

Preprint Servers in Science

Preprint servers are open-access repositories where researchers post manuscripts before, during, or alongside peer review at a formal journal. Preprints allow rapid, free dissemination of research findings without waiting for journal review (which can take 3–12 months). Major preprint servers include arXiv (physics, ma

3 zdrojů1991

Protocol-based Meta-ethnography

Protocol-based meta-ethnography is a structured qualitative evidence synthesis that follows Noblit and Hare's meta-ethnography method while requiring a pre-registered, publicly available protocol — typically on PROSPERO — before the review is conducted. Pre-registration constrains post-hoc decision-making, enhances met

2 zdrojů1988

PubMed and MEDLINE

PubMed is a free, publicly accessible literature database maintained by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), a division of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. It provides access to biomedical and life sciences literature from MEDLINE (the curated subset of ~30 million indexed journal articles), life science jour

3 zdrojů1966

research skills

Reference Management Software

Zotero, Mendeley, and EndNote are the three most widely used reference management applications. Each helps researchers organize bibliographic references, annotate articles, and generate formatted citations and bibliographies. Zotero (launched 2006 by George Mason University) is free and open-source; Mendeley (acquired

3 zdrojů1989

Research Front Identification

Research front identification is a bibliometric method for detecting emerging or cutting-edge research areas within a larger research landscape. A 'research front' is a cluster of recently published, highly-cited papers that define the current active research direction in a field. Unlike established research communitie

Research Integrity Principles

Research integrity encompasses the ethical and professional standards that guide responsible conduct in all aspects of research—from study design and data collection through analysis, reporting, and publication. The core principles—honesty, transparency, accountability, respect, and stewardship—ensure that research is

3 zdrojů2007

Research Misconduct

Research misconduct comprises intentional or reckless fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, conducting, or reporting research. Formally defined by U.S. federal policy (42 CFR Part 93, Office of Research Integrity), misconduct is distinguished from honest error, negligence, and good-faith disagreements

3 zdrojů2005

Research with Vulnerable Populations

Vulnerable populations are groups with limited capacity to protect themselves due to age, cognitive ability, institutional dependency, or social circumstances. Regulatory frameworks in the U.S. (45 CFR 46 Subparts B, C, D) and internationally identify specific vulnerable populations—children, prisoners, pregnant women,

4 zdrojů1979

Responding to Peer Reviewer Comments

A response to reviewers (or 'revision letter') is a formal document that authors submit alongside a revised manuscript, addressing each reviewer comment point-by-point. The response letter shows the editor and reviewers that you have carefully considered their feedback, explained changes made in light of their suggesti

3 zdrojů2005

Retrospective Ethics Approval

Retrospective ethics approval is the ethics committee's review and determination regarding research conducted or data collected before ethics approval was obtained. This situation arises when researchers collect data without advance ethics review (intentionally, out of oversight, or due to institutional gaps) and then

4 zdrojů1991

Risk-Benefit Assessment in Research Protocols

A risk-benefit assessment is a systematic evaluation of the potential harms and benefits of a proposed research study, documented in ethics committee applications. The Belmont Report (1979) established the principle of beneficence—maximizing benefits while minimizing harm—as a cornerstone of research ethics. Regulatory

4 zdrojů1979

Science Mapping

Science mapping is a bibliometric visualization method that creates visual representations of research domains, showing the structure, development, and relationships of scientific fields. Using bibliographic data (citations, keywords, authors, journals), science mapping algorithms generate network diagrams where nodes

Scientific Writing Clarity

Clear scientific writing enables readers to understand methodology, results, and implications without confusion. Clarity is not ornamental—it is essential to scientific integrity. Unclear writing obscures findings, enables misinterpretation, wastes readers' time, and reduces impact and citations. Scientific clarity req

3 zdrojů1959

Scientometric Analysis

Scientometric analysis applies statistical and computational methods to publication and citation data to measure the growth, structure, and impact of scientific fields. Drawing on databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, or OpenAlex, it quantifies output trends, identifies leading authors and institutions, maps intell

2 zdrojů1969

SCImago Journal Rank

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is a prestige-weighted metric measuring journal citation impact based on Scopus data, developed by SCImago Group (a Spanish research consortium) in 2010. Unlike raw citation counts, SJR values citations from high-prestige journals more heavily than those from lower-prestige journals, similar

3 zdrojů2010

Scopus Database

Scopus, owned by Elsevier, is the world's largest abstract and citation database covering peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and book chapters across all scientific disciplines. Launched in 2004, Scopus now indexes over 37 million documents from more than 6,500 journals, with expanded coverage of open-acce

3 zdrojů2004

Self-Plagiarism and Text Recycling

Self-plagiarism, or text recycling, occurs when an author reuses substantial portions of their own previously published work in a new publication without disclosure or acknowledgment. This includes republishing the same article in different venues, duplicating methods sections across multiple papers, or reusing discuss

Similarity vs Plagiarism: Understanding the Distinction

A critical distinction exists between similarity percentages generated by plagiarism detection software (Turnitin, iThenticate) and an actual plagiarism verdict. A similarity index is a red flag requiring review; it is not a plagiarism determination. High similarity can result from legitimate quotations, references, sh

3 zdrojů2000

Statistical Reporting Standards

Transparent reporting of statistical results—including effect sizes, confidence intervals, p-values, and assumptions—is essential for scientific integrity and reproducibility. Many published studies report p-values in isolation without effect sizes or confidence intervals, making it impossible for readers to assess the

3 zdrojů2005

research skills

Systematic Search Strategy

A systematic search strategy is a comprehensive, transparent protocol for retrieving all relevant literature addressing a well-defined research question. Developed by the Cochrane Collaboration and formalized in guidelines like PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), systematic sear

Thesis and Dissertation

A thesis (Master's level) or dissertation (doctoral level) is an original research document required for completion of graduate degree programs, serving as the capstone of a student's graduate training. A Master's thesis typically represents 1–2 years of research; a PhD dissertation, 3–5 years. Both require original em

3 zdrojů1200

Time-sliced Bibliographic coupling

Time-sliced bibliographic coupling divides a publication corpus into successive time windows and applies bibliographic coupling analysis within each window to track how research fronts emerge, shift, merge, or disappear across time. It transforms a static snapshot technique into a longitudinal tool for mapping the inte

2 zdrojů1963

Time-sliced Bibliometric Analysis

Time-sliced bibliometric analysis partitions a literature corpus into consecutive time windows and applies standard bibliometric indicators (publication counts, citation patterns, co-authorship networks, keyword frequencies) within each window. By comparing results across slices, researchers can document how a field's

Time-sliced Citation analysis

Time-sliced citation analysis partitions a body of literature into sequential temporal windows — for example, five-year intervals — and performs citation analysis within and across each window. This reveals how citation patterns, influential papers, and knowledge flows shift over time, providing a dynamic picture of a

2 zdrojů1955

Time-sliced Mapping review

A time-sliced mapping review is a systematic evidence synthesis that partitions the search period into discrete temporal segments — such as five-year intervals — and constructs a separate evidence map for each slice. By comparing maps across periods, researchers can chart how topics emerge, peak, decline, or transform

Time-sliced Scientometric Analysis

Time-sliced scientometric analysis divides a bibliographic corpus into discrete temporal windows — commonly five- or ten-year periods — and applies standard scientometric indicators (publication counts, citation rates, h-index, collaboration networks, keyword co-occurrence) within each slice. By comparing results acros

2 zdrojů1980

Time-sliced Thematic Evolution Analysis

Time-sliced thematic evolution analysis is a bibliometric method that divides a corpus of publications into consecutive time windows and tracks how research themes emerge, consolidate, split, merge, or disappear across those periods. By applying co-word analysis and strategic-diagram mapping within each slice and then

2 zdrojů2011

Turnitin and iThenticate Similarity Detection

Turnitin and iThenticate are commercial text-matching software tools used by educational institutions and academic journals to screen submissions for potential plagiarism. Turnitin is designed for student assignments; iThenticate is designed for researcher manuscripts. Both tools compare submitted text against billions

3 zdrojů1997

Types of Ethics Committees in Research

Research ethics committees are independent governance bodies established to review and oversee human subjects research. In the United States, these are called Institutional Review Boards (IRBs); in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth nations, Research Ethics Committees (RECs); and in European Union and other jurisdicti

3 zdrojů1979

Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory

Ulrichsweb is a comprehensive, subscription-based global serials directory cataloging over 300,000 print and electronic journals, magazines, newspapers, and other periodical publications. Developed by ProQuest (originally R.R. Bowker), Ulrichsweb has served librarians and researchers for over 90 years as the authoritat

2 zdrojů1932

Vancouver Referencing Style

Vancouver style is the standard citation format for biomedical and clinical research journals, established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and detailed in their Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. In Vancouver styl

2 zdrojů1978

Verbatim Plagiarism

Verbatim plagiarism is the most straightforward and recognizable form of academic misconduct: copying text word-for-word from a source without quotation marks, citation, or attribution. It is the most easily detected form of plagiarism and carries severe institutional and career consequences.

3 zdrojů1950

VOSviewer and CiteSpace Tools

VOSviewer and CiteSpace are specialized software tools designed to conduct bibliometric analysis and create science maps from research literature. VOSviewer (developed by Van Eck & Waltman, 2010) excels at creating publication landscapes through co-occurrence, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling analysis with intui

2 zdrojů2006

VOSviewer-assisted citation analysis

VOSviewer-assisted citation analysis combines established citation analysis methodology with the visual mapping capabilities of VOSviewer, a free bibliometric software developed at Leiden University. Researchers export bibliographic records from databases such as Web of Science or Scopus, import them into VOSviewer, an

2 zdrojů1955

VOSviewer-assisted co-citation analysis

VOSviewer-assisted co-citation analysis combines Henry Small's co-citation measure — counting how often two documents are jointly cited by later work — with VOSviewer's automated network construction and visual mapping capabilities. The result is a spatial map of the intellectual base of a research field, where documen

2 zdrojů1973

VOSviewer-assisted co-word analysis

VOSviewer-assisted co-word analysis is a scientometric pipeline that constructs and visualizes keyword co-occurrence networks from a bibliographic corpus using VOSviewer software. By mapping how often pairs of author-assigned or index keywords appear together in the same publications, the method reveals the intellectua

2 zdrojů1983

VOSviewer-assisted science mapping

VOSviewer-assisted science mapping uses the VOSviewer software — developed at Leiden University — to construct and visualize bibliometric networks from publication metadata. It applies the VOS (Visualization of Similarities) mapping technique to reveal intellectual structures in a research field: co-authorship networks

2 zdrojů2010

VOSviewer-assisted thematic evolution analysis

VOSviewer-assisted thematic evolution analysis is a scientometric pipeline that uses the VOSviewer software to build keyword co-occurrence networks across chronological time slices of a bibliographic dataset, revealing how research themes emerge, converge, fragment, or disappear over time within a scientific field. By

2 zdrojů2010

Waiver of Informed Consent in Research

A waiver of informed consent permits research to proceed without obtaining prospective written or verbal consent from participants. This exception to the standard informed consent requirement applies to specific low-risk research scenarios where obtaining consent is impractical, unnecessary, or would compromise researc

4 zdrojů1991