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Social Sciences185
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MètodeEstadística1,836IA i aprenentatge automàtic1,661Ciències de la decisió932Mètodes de recerca1,354Mesurament1,745Causalitat i evidència532Pràctica investigadora118
714 mètodes en Health & MedicineNeteja
Mètodes reals que coincideixen amb el teu filtre.
OrdenaPopularitatA–ZZ–AMés recents
epidemiology

Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial

A multicenter randomized clinical trial (RCT) is an experimental study in which eligible participants are randomly assigned to intervention or control arms simultaneously across two or more clinical sites. By combining the rigor of randomization with enrollment from geographically or institutionally diverse centers, th

2 fonts1970
epidemiology

Multicenter Screening Test Evaluation

A multicenter screening test evaluation measures the diagnostic accuracy of a screening test — its sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and ROC-curve area — by enrolling participants across two or more independent clinical sites. Conducting the study at multiple centers broadens the patient spectrum, tests gene

2 fonts1976
transcultural nursing

Multicultural Counseling Inventory

The Multicultural Counseling Inventory (MCI) is a 40-item self-report instrument designed to assess the multicultural competence of mental health counselors and healthcare providers. Originally developed by LaFromboise, Coleman, and Hernandez in 1991, the MCI evaluates five core competence factors: awareness of cultura

1 font1991
health behavior

Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale

The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC) is an 18-item measure developed by Wallston, Wallston, and DeVellis (1978) to assess individual differences in health-related beliefs about the locus of control—that is, to whom or what people attribute responsibility for their health. The MHLC measures three di

1 font1978
clinical psychology

Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale

The MPS is a 35-item self-report measure of perfectionism across six domains: concern over mistakes, personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, doubt about actions, and organization. Developed by Frost and colleagues in 1990, it is the most comprehensive multidimensional perfectionism measure, disti

1 font1990
transcultural nursing

Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure

The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) is a self-report instrument designed to assess ethnic identity development among adolescents and young adults from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Originally developed by Phinney in 1992, the MEIM measures two primary dimensions: ethnic identity search (active expl

2 fonts1992
integrative medicine

Music Therapy Assessment Tool

The MTAT is a comprehensive assessment instrument for measuring client outcomes and music therapist competency in music therapy. Developed by Hanson and colleagues, it operationalizes music therapy impact across emotional, social, behavioral, and physiological domains, suitable for diverse populations including psychia

3 fonts2008
clinical research

N-of-1 Trial

An N-of-1 trial is a single-patient randomized controlled trial in which a patient alternates between treatment A and treatment B (or active drug and placebo) in repeated, randomized cross-over periods. Developed systematically in the 1990s–2010s by Kravitz, Duan, and Vohra, N-of-1 trials enable personalized medicine b

3 fonts1990
integrative medicine

Nature Relatedness Scale

The NRS is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring individuals' psychological connection to and identification with the natural world. Developed by Nisbet, Zelenski, and Murphy in 2009, it captures three dimensions of nature relatedness: self-identification with nature, environmental concern and responsibility, and

3 fonts2009
health education

NCCS

The NCCS is a multidimensional self-assessment and clinician-rated instrument measuring nursing students' perceived and observed clinical competence across technical, interpersonal, and cognitive domains. Developed by Walt and van der Walt in 2009, the scale evaluates students' mastery of fundamental nursing skills, cr

2 fonts2009
rehabilitation

Neck Disability Index

The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is a 10-item patient-reported outcome measure assessing the impact of neck pain and dysfunction on daily activities and quality of life. Developed by Vernon and Mior in 1991, NDI is the most widely used outcome measure in neck pain research and clinical practice, applicable to acute whip

2 fonts1991
survival

Nelson-Aalen Estimator

The Nelson-Aalen estimator is a non-parametric estimator of the cumulative hazard function from right-censored time-to-event data. Developed by Wayne Nelson for reliability hazard plotting in 1972 and placed on a rigorous counting-process foundation by Odd Aalen in 1978, it accumulates the ratio of observed events to t

2 fonts1972
epidemiology

Nested case-control

A nested case-control study is an efficient observational design embedded within a defined cohort. For each participant who develops the outcome of interest (a case), a small number of matched controls are sampled from those still at risk at the same point in time. This density-sampling strategy yields odds ratios that

2 fonts1973
physical therapy

Neuromuscular Re-Education

Neuromuscular re-education is a therapeutic approach using targeted exercise and sensory feedback to retrain motor control, proprioception, and movement patterns following neurological injury or dysfunction. Based on motor learning principles, neuromuscular re-education helps patients reestablish voluntary muscle activ

2 fonts1970
pain medicine

Neuropathic Pain Scale

The Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) is a 10-item self-report instrument developed by Jensen and colleagues to measure the quality and intensity of pain associated with neuropathic conditions (nerve damage, peripheral neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, spinal cord injury pain). The NPS captures pain descriptors (sharp, c

3 fonts2007
clinical psychology

Neuropsychological Assessment

Neuropsychological assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of cognitive and behavioral functions using standardized tests and observations to identify brain-behavior relationships and diagnose neurocognitive disorders. Rooted in the pioneering work of Alexander Luria in the 1960s and systematized by contemporary neuro

2 fonts1960
cardiology

New York Heart Association Functional Classification

The New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification is a four-category ordinal system for grading heart failure severity based on the level of physical activity that precipitates dyspnea or other HF symptoms. Established by the NYHA in 1928 and refined in 1994, the NYHA classification is the oldest and most

2 fonts1994
neurology

NIHSS

The NIHSS is the standard acute stroke severity assessment tool used in emergency departments, stroke centers, and clinical trials worldwide. Developed by the NIH Stroke Study Group in 1989, the 15-item scale provides rapid, reproducible quantification of acute neurological deficit from ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke.

1 font1989
public health nutrition

NLAI

The NLAI is a 26-item validated instrument measuring nutrition literacy—the ability to understand nutrition information and use it to make healthy food choices. Developed by Diamond and refined through validation studies by Rothman and colleagues, the NLAI evaluates comprehension of nutrition labels, understanding of p

2 fonts2007
neurology

NMSS

The NMSS is a comprehensive 30-item scale designed to assess the prevalence and impact of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease. Developed by Chaudhuri and colleagues in 2007, it addresses the reality that non-motor features—sleep disorders, mood disturbances, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and

1 font2007
health informatics

Nomophobia Questionnaire

The Nomophobia Questionnaire measures 'nomophobia'—the fear of being without one's mobile phone—a contemporary form of technology-related psychological distress emerging with smartphone ubiquity. Developed by Yildirim and Correia (2015), the 20-item NMP-Q captures anxiety, compulsive checking, communication apprehensio

2 fonts2015
implementation science

Normalization Process Theory

Normalization Process Theory (NPT) is a sociological framework developed by Carl May and colleagues to explain how new interventions become routinely embedded ('normalized') in organizational and clinical practice. Unlike efficiency-focused frameworks that measure adoption and fidelity, NPT explains the social processe

3 fonts2006
nursing

Norton Scale

The Norton Scale is a pioneering risk assessment tool developed by Doreen Norton and colleagues in 1962 to identify hospitalized patients at risk of developing pressure sores. As one of the earliest standardized pressure ulcer risk assessment instruments, the Norton Scale predates and influenced many later tools includ

2 fonts1962
health measurement

Nottingham Health Profile

The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) is a perceived health status measure developed by Hunt and colleagues at the University of Nottingham in 1981. It measures subjective well-being across six dimensions: physical mobility, pain, sleep, emotional reactions, social isolation, and energy level. The NHP emphasizes the pati

3 fonts1981
neurology

NPSI

The NPSI is a 12-item self-report questionnaire specifically designed to assess and quantify the diverse symptoms characteristic of neuropathic pain. Developed by Bouhassira and colleagues in 2004, it evaluates five distinct symptom dimensions: burning pain, pressing pain, paroxysmal pain, evoked pain, and paresthesias

1 font2004
implementation science

NPT

Normalization Process Theory (NPT) is a framework developed by May, Murray, and colleagues (2009) to explain how new practices, technologies, and innovations become embedded and sustained in everyday organizational and clinical work. Rather than viewing implementation as a one-time adoption event, NPT conceptualizes im

2 fonts2009
clinical assessment

NRS-2002 Nutritional Risk Screening

The Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002), developed by Kondrup et al. and endorsed by ESPEN (European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition), is a 7-point tool for identifying hospitalized patients at nutritional risk. It combines assessment of recent weight loss, dietary intake, disease severity, and age

2 fonts2003
health services

Numeric Rating Scale for Pain

The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) is a single-item, self-report measure of pain intensity developed by Jensen and colleagues in 1986. Patients rate their pain on an 11-point scale (0-10) where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst pain imaginable. The NRS is among the most widely used pain severity measures in

3 fonts1986
nursing

Numerical Rating Scale for Pain

The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) is a simple, widely used tool for assessing subjective pain intensity in patients. Patients rate their pain on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst pain imaginable. The NRS is one of the most frequently used pain assessment instruments in clinical

2 fonts1978
nursing

Nursing Workload NEMS

The Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS) is a validated assessment instrument specifically designed to quantify nursing workload in intensive care unit (ICU) settings. Developed by Miranda, Moreno, and Iapichino, NEMS measures the intensity of nursing care required based on therapeutic interventions an

2 fonts1997
nursing

Nursing-Sensitive Indicators

Nursing-Sensitive Indicators are quality metrics that measure healthcare outcomes significantly influenced by nursing care. Developed by the American Nurses Association (ANA) and maintained through the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI), these indicators assess hospital-acquired complications, staf

2 fonts1994
clinical psychology

Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory

The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) is an 18-item self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Developed by Foa and colleagues in 2002, the OCI-R is a revised and shortened version of the original OCI. It assesses six dimensions of OCD: obsessing, hoarding, neutralizing, contamina

2 fonts2002
occupational health

Occupational Exposure Questionnaire

The Occupational Exposure Questionnaire (OEQ) systematically documents workers' exposure to physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards in their occupational roles. Used by occupational health practitioners and researchers, the OEQ captures frequency, duration, and intensity of hazard exposure,

2 fonts2007
occupational health

Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery Scale

The Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery Scale (OFER) measures worker fatigue across three dimensions: acute fatigue (tiredness after the current work period), chronic fatigue (accumulated exhaustion over weeks or months), and inter-shift recovery (ability to recuperate between work shifts). Developed by Winwood an

2 fonts2006
occupational health

Oldenburg Burnout Inventory

The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) is a brief, two-factor assessment of occupational burnout developed by Demerouti and colleagues in 2003. The instrument measures exhaustion (physical, emotional, cognitive) and disengagement (cynicism, reduced motivation) in working populations. It is grounded in the Job Demands-R

1 font2003
health informatics

Online Social Support Scale

The Online Social Support Scale measures the perceived availability and quality of emotional, informational, and practical support received through digital channels—social media, online communities, forums, messaging apps, and digital platforms. Developed by Vilelas and Tomás (2011) for patients with chronic illness an

2 fonts2011
implementation science

ORIC

The Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC) is a 12-item self-report measure that assesses organizational readiness to implement evidence-based practices and innovations. Developed by Shea and colleagues in 2014, the ORIC measures two critical dimensions of organizational readiness: Change Commitment (t

1 font2014
addiction medicine

ORT

The ORT is a brief, 10-item self-report screening instrument designed to identify patients at elevated risk for opioid misuse, addiction, or aberrant drug-related behaviors prior to initiating opioid therapy. Developed by Webster and Webster in 2005, it stratifies patients into low, moderate, and high risk categories b

1 font2005
occupational therapy

OSA

The Occupational Self-Assessment (OSA) is a client-centered, reflective tool designed to measure an individual's perception of occupational functioning and identify areas of occupational concern or goals. Developed by Baron, Kielhofner, and colleagues within the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) framework, the OSA integ

2 fonts2006
rehabilitation

Oswestry Disability Index

The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is a disease-specific measure of disability due to low back pain, originally developed by Fairbank and colleagues in 1980. It is one of the most widely used outcome measures in spine care, enabling clinicians and researchers to quantify the functional impact of low back pain and trac

3 fonts1980
psychotherapy research

Outcome Rating Scale

The Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) is a 4-item ultra-brief symptom and wellbeing measure designed to track subjective improvement across individual, interpersonal, social, and overall functioning dimensions. Developed by Miller and Duncan, the ORS uses visual analog scales to enable session-by-session outcome monitoring in

2 fonts2003
health services

Oxford Hip Score

The Oxford Hip Score (OHS) is a brief, validated self-report questionnaire developed by Murray and colleagues at the University of Oxford beginning in 1996 to measure outcomes following hip replacement surgery. The OHS comprises 12 items assessing hip pain, hip-related functional limitations, and quality of life in pat

3 fonts1996
health services

Oxford Knee Score

The Oxford Knee Score (OKS) is a brief, validated self-report questionnaire developed by Murray and colleagues at the University of Oxford in 1998 to measure outcomes following knee replacement surgery. The OKS comprises 12 items assessing knee pain, knee-related functional limitations, and quality of life in patients

3 fonts1998
pain medicine

Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale

The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) is a 20-item self-report instrument developed by Asmundson and colleagues in 1996 to measure anxiety symptoms specifically related to pain. The PASS captures fear of pain, avoidance behaviors, cognitive anxiety, and physiological anxiety responses that commonly accompany chronic p

3 fonts1996
pain medicine

Pain Catastrophizing Scale

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item self-report questionnaire developed by Sullivan, Bishop, and Pivik in 1995 to measure catastrophic thinking about pain—the tendency to magnify pain threat, ruminate about pain, and feel helpless in response to pain. Elevated catastrophizing predicts worse pain outcomes

3 fonts1995
pain medicine

Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire

The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a 10-item self-report instrument developed by Nicholas in 1989 to measure self-efficacy beliefs—a person's confidence in their ability to manage pain and function despite pain. Higher PSEQ scores predict better pain outcomes, less disability, and greater treatment success,

3 fonts1989
public health

Pandemic Fatigue Scale

The Pandemic Fatigue Scale (PFS) measures psychological exhaustion and reduced motivation to maintain protective behaviors during prolonged pandemics. Developed by Restrepo and colleagues, it captures the phenomenon whereby individuals progressively abandon preventive measures (distancing, mask-wearing, testing) despit

2 fonts2020
public health

Pandemic Grief Scale

The Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS) is a brief screening instrument assessing grief reactions specific to death losses during COVID-19. Developed by Zisook and colleagues in 2021, it adapts the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) items to pandemic bereavement contexts, measuring both typical grief responses and complicated

1 font2021
clinical psychology

Panic Disorder Severity Scale

The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) is a brief 7-item clinician-administered scale designed to measure the severity of panic disorder symptoms, including panic attack frequency, distress, anxiety anticipation, agoraphobic avoidance, and interoceptive fear. Developed by Shear, Brown, Barlow, and collaborators in 19

1 font1997
pediatric medicine

PAQLQ

The PAQLQ is a 23-item self-report instrument developed by Juniper et al. in 1996 to measure quality of life in children aged 7–17 years with asthma. It assesses how asthma and its treatment affect daily functioning, emotions, and activity levels. The instrument has become the gold standard for evaluating asthma-specif

2 fonts1996
veterinary medicine

Parasitological Examination

Parasitological examination is a systematic laboratory diagnostic process for detecting and identifying parasites and parasitic infections in animals. Foundational to veterinary medicine since the 1800s and formalized through modern standard operating procedures, it relies on morphological identification of eggs, larva

3 fonts1800
rehabilitation science

Participation Measure for Post-Acute Care

The Participation Measure for Post-Acute Care (PM-PAC) is a brief, clinician-administered tool designed to measure functional participation and independence in hospitalized rehabilitation patients across self-care, mobility, cognition, and social domains. Developed by Wang, Hart, Stratford, and Mioduski, PM-PAC is wide

2 fonts2012
rehabilitation science

Participation Scale

The Participation Scale (P-Scale) is a brief, 8-item measure designed to assess restrictions in participation across social and occupational roles in people with chronic conditions or disabilities. Developed by van Brakel and colleagues, the P-Scale is widely used in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings and i

2 fonts2006
dermatology

PASI

The PASI is the gold-standard clinician-administered measure of psoriasis severity and extent. Developed by Fredriksson and Pettersson in 1978, it evaluates four cardinal clinical signs (erythema, induration, desquamation) across four body regions, each weighted by anatomical importance. PASI is the most widely used en

2 fonts1978
pharmacology

Patch-Clamp

Patch-clamp electrophysiology is a technique for measuring ionic currents through ion channels in cell membranes, developed by Neher and Sakmann in 1976. It enables direct observation of single-channel and whole-cell currents at millisecond resolution, making it essential for characterizing drug effects on ion channels

2 fonts1976
health behavior

Patient Activation Measure

The Patient Activation Measure (PAM) is a 13-item self-report questionnaire developed by Hibbard and colleagues (2004) to assess the degree to which patients understand their role in managing their health, have confidence in their ability to engage in self-care, and take action to manage their health and prevent diseas

1 font2004
health informatics

Patient Engagement Scale

The Patient Engagement Scale measures the degree to which patients take active responsibility for managing their health and healthcare. Developed by Hibbard and colleagues (2004), the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) operationalizes engagement as a progression from awareness of health issues through confident self-mana

1 font2004
nursing

Patient Fall Risk Assessment

Patient Fall Risk Assessment is a systematic clinical evaluation process used to identify hospitalized or institutionalized patients at increased risk of falling. Falls are a major cause of injury and mortality in healthcare settings, particularly among older adults. The assessment considers intrinsic patient factors (

2 fonts2000
healthcare management

Patient Flow Simulation

Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is a computational technique that models the movement of patients through healthcare facilities by simulating individual patient journeys and interactions with resources (staff, beds, equipment). DES allows realistic representation of complex, stochastic healthcare processes and supports

3 fonts1990
clinical psychology

Patient Global Impression of Change

The Patient Global Impression of Change is a single-item, seven-point rating scale asking patients to report their overall impression of change since treatment initiation. Originally published by William Guy in the ECDEU Assessment Manual in 1976, the PGIC has become a standard co-primary endpoint in clinical trials as

3 fonts1976
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