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Organizational Justice Scale

The Organizational Justice Scale (OJS) measures employees' perceptions of fairness in organizational settings across four dimensions: distributive justice (fairness of outcomes), procedural justice (fairness of decision-making processes), interpersonal justice (respectful and dignified treatment), and informational jus

2 fonts2001

Organizational Learning Scale

The Organizational Learning Scale (OLS) is a 21-item instrument measuring organizational capacity to learn and adapt, based on Senge's learning organization framework. Formalized by Goh in 2003, the OLS assesses five dimensions: systems thinking, shared vision, team learning, shared mental models, and personal mastery.

2 fonts2003

strategic management

Organizational Resilience Scale

Organizational Resilience refers to an organization's capacity to anticipate disruptions, withstand shocks, and adapt effectively to changing circumstances while maintaining core identity and functionality. Weick and Sutcliffe (2007) argue that resilience is not primarily about avoiding disruption but about developing

3 fonts2007

Organizational Trust Scale

The Organizational Trust Scale (OTS) is a 12-item instrument designed to measure interpersonal trust and organizational confidence across four dimensions. Developed by Aneil K. Mishra in 1996, the scale addresses how employees perceive trustworthiness in their organization and leadership.

2 fonts1996

addiction medicine

ORT

The ORT is a brief, 10-item self-report screening instrument designed to identify patients at elevated risk for opioid misuse, addiction, or aberrant drug-related behaviors prior to initiating opioid therapy. Developed by Webster and Webster in 2005, it stratifies patients into low, moderate, and high risk categories b

1 font2005

dentistry

Orthodontic Cephalometry

Orthodontic cephalometry is a standardized radiographic technique that produces a lateral or postero-anterior skull radiograph from a fixed source-to-film distance and patient position. Introduced by Benjamin Broadbent in 1931, cephalometric analysis enables systematic measurement of skeletal and dental relationships t

3 fonts1931

occupational therapy

OSA

The Occupational Self-Assessment (OSA) is a client-centered, reflective tool designed to measure an individual's perception of occupational functioning and identify areas of occupational concern or goals. Developed by Baron, Kielhofner, and colleagues within the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) framework, the OSA integ

2 fonts2006

ophthalmology

OSDI

The OSDI is a 12-item symptom questionnaire designed to screen for and grade the severity of dry eye disease and other ocular surface disorders. Developed by Schiffman, Christianson, and colleagues (2000), it quantifies patient-reported ocular irritation and visual function limitations across frequency and impact domai

rehabilitation

Oswestry Disability Index

The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is a disease-specific measure of disability due to low back pain, originally developed by Fairbank and colleagues in 1980. It is one of the most widely used outcome measures in spine care, enabling clinicians and researchers to quantify the functional impact of low back pain and trac

3 fonts1980

psychotherapy research

Outcome Rating Scale

The Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) is a 4-item ultra-brief symptom and wellbeing measure designed to track subjective improvement across individual, interpersonal, social, and overall functioning dimensions. Developed by Miller and Duncan, the ORS uses visual analog scales to enable session-by-session outcome monitoring in

2 fonts2003

urology gynecology

Overactive Bladder Questionnaire

The OAB-q is a patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess the symptoms and impact of overactive bladder syndrome on health-related quality of life. Developed by Coyne and colleagues and first published in 2005, it exists in both long-form (33 items) and short-form (SF, 25 items) versions. The OAB-q is internat

2 fonts2005

tourism management

Overtourism Perception Scale

The Overtourism Perception Scale (OPS) measures residents' and visitors' concerns about excessive tourism, measuring crowding, environmental degradation, cultural erosion, infrastructure strain, and resulting experience quality diminishment. Rooted in carrying capacity theory (Shelby & Heberlein, 1986) and resident imp

4 fonts1986

pain medicine

Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale

The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) is a 20-item self-report instrument developed by Asmundson and colleagues in 1996 to measure anxiety symptoms specifically related to pain. The PASS captures fear of pain, avoidance behaviors, cognitive anxiety, and physiological anxiety responses that commonly accompany chronic p

3 fonts1996

pain medicine

Pain Catastrophizing Scale

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item self-report questionnaire developed by Sullivan, Bishop, and Pivik in 1995 to measure catastrophic thinking about pain—the tendency to magnify pain threat, ruminate about pain, and feel helpless in response to pain. Elevated catastrophizing predicts worse pain outcomes

3 fonts1995

pain medicine

Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire

The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a 10-item self-report instrument developed by Nicholas in 1989 to measure self-efficacy beliefs—a person's confidence in their ability to manage pain and function despite pain. Higher PSEQ scores predict better pain outcomes, less disability, and greater treatment success,

3 fonts1989

palliative care

Palliative Performance Scale

The Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) is an 11-point clinician-rated functional assessment tool for patients with advanced, life-limiting illness. Developed by Anderson and colleagues in 1996, it measures overall performance status from 100% (normal) to 0% (death), integrating five domains of functional decline. The P

2 fonts1996

Palynology

Palynology is the scientific study of pollen grains and plant spores — microscopic structures that are chemically resistant and preserve well in sediment, soil, peat, ice, and other matrices. In agronomy, palynology is applied to reconstruct past vegetation and land-use histories, monitor crop pollination dynamics, tra

2 fonts1916

Panic Disorder Severity Scale

The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) is a brief 7-item clinician-administered scale designed to measure the severity of panic disorder symptoms, including panic attack frequency, distress, anxiety anticipation, agoraphobic avoidance, and interoceptive fear. Developed by Shear, Brown, Barlow, and collaborators in 19

1 font1997

pediatric medicine

PAQLQ

The PAQLQ is a 23-item self-report instrument developed by Juniper et al. in 1996 to measure quality of life in children aged 7–17 years with asthma. It assesses how asthma and its treatment affect daily functioning, emotions, and activity levels. The instrument has become the gold standard for evaluating asthma-specif

2 fonts1996

veterinary medicine

Parasitological Examination

Parasitological examination is a systematic laboratory diagnostic process for detecting and identifying parasites and parasitic infections in animals. Foundational to veterinary medicine since the 1800s and formalized through modern standard operating procedures, it relies on morphological identification of eggs, larva

3 fonts1800

social psychology

Parenting Stress Index

The Parenting Stress Index is the most widely used multidimensional assessment of parenting stress in mothers and fathers of children from infancy through age 10. Developed by Richard Abidin in 1983, it measures three major stress domains: parental distress (feeling overwhelmed, loss of control, role restriction), pare

3 fonts1983

rehabilitation science

Participation Measure for Post-Acute Care

The Participation Measure for Post-Acute Care (PM-PAC) is a brief, clinician-administered tool designed to measure functional participation and independence in hospitalized rehabilitation patients across self-care, mobility, cognition, and social domains. Developed by Wang, Hart, Stratford, and Mioduski, PM-PAC is wide

2 fonts2012

rehabilitation science

Participation Scale

The Participation Scale (P-Scale) is a brief, 8-item measure designed to assess restrictions in participation across social and occupational roles in people with chronic conditions or disabilities. Developed by van Brakel and colleagues, the P-Scale is widely used in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings and i

2 fonts2006

political psychology

Partisan Identity Scale

The Partisan Identity Scale measures strength and direction of psychological attachment to a political party, encompassing both party preference and emotional party identification. Foundational since Campbell et al.'s American Voter (1960), the measure distinguishes party affiliation (which party one is registered with

3 fonts1960

dermatology

PASI

The PASI is the gold-standard clinician-administered measure of psoriasis severity and extent. Developed by Fredriksson and Pettersson in 1978, it evaluates four cardinal clinical signs (erythema, induration, desquamation) across four body regions, each weighted by anatomical importance. PASI is the most widely used en

2 fonts1978

social media psychology

Passive Social Media Use Scale

The Passive Social Media Use Scale measures the extent to which individuals engage in passive consumption—scrolling, lurking, and observing others' content—versus active participation like posting, commenting, and messaging. Developed to distinguish between active (interactive) and passive (consumptive) social media be

1 font2018

pharmacology

Patch-Clamp

Patch-clamp electrophysiology is a technique for measuring ionic currents through ion channels in cell membranes, developed by Neher and Sakmann in 1976. It enables direct observation of single-channel and whole-cell currents at millisecond resolution, making it essential for characterizing drug effects on ion channels

2 fonts1976

gastroenterology

Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life

The Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QoL) is a validated, patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess the impact of functional constipation on physical, psychological, and social well-being. Developed by Marquis and colleagues in 2005, the PAC-QoL comprises 28 items organized into four do

1 font2005

nursing

Patient Fall Risk Assessment

Patient Fall Risk Assessment is a systematic clinical evaluation process used to identify hospitalized or institutionalized patients at increased risk of falling. Falls are a major cause of injury and mortality in healthcare settings, particularly among older adults. The assessment considers intrinsic patient factors (

Patient Global Impression of Change

The Patient Global Impression of Change is a single-item, seven-point rating scale asking patients to report their overall impression of change since treatment initiation. Originally published by William Guy in the ECDEU Assessment Manual in 1976, the PGIC has become a standard co-primary endpoint in clinical trials as

3 fonts1976

Patient Health Questionnaire-9

The PHQ-9 is a brief, nine-item self-report questionnaire developed by Kroenke, Spitzer, and Williams to screen for and measure the severity of depressive symptoms. Published in 2001 in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, it has become one of the most widely used depression screening instruments globally. The sca

3 fonts2001

integrative medicine

Patient Satisfaction with CAM Scale

The PSCS is a patient-report instrument measuring satisfaction with complementary and alternative medicine services, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, massage, and other modalities. Developed by Margolis and colleagues in 1998, it captures dimensions of satisfaction specific to CAM practice—practitioner communica

2 fonts1998

transcultural nursing

Patient-Provider Cultural Sensitivity Scale

The Patient-Provider Cultural Sensitivity Scale (PPCSS) is a measure designed to assess the degree to which healthcare providers demonstrate cultural sensitivity and respect in clinical encounters. The instrument evaluates provider behaviors and attitudes that honor patients' cultural identities, values, and preference

1 font2008

sports medicine

Patient-Specific Functional Scale

The Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) is a unique, individualized outcome instrument that captures patient-identified functional limitations and tracks change in those specific activities. Developed by Stratford and colleagues in 1995 and published in Physiotherapy Canada, the PSFS revolutionized patient-centere

1 font1995

psychotherapy research

Patient-Therapist Agreement Scale

The Patient-Therapist Agreement Scale (PTAS) measures the degree to which client and therapist agree on therapy goals, treatment focus, and expected treatment duration—a core component of the therapeutic alliance. Developed by Nash and colleagues in their foundational study of psychotherapy preparation, the PTAS operat

2 fonts1965

forensic psychology

PCL-SV

The Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL-SV) is a 12-item assessment tool developed by Hart, Cox, and Hare (1995) to screen for psychopathic personality traits in adolescents and adults. It is a brief alternative to the full 20-item Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), designed for rapid screening in correcti

2 fonts1995

psychometrics

PCM / GPCM

The Partial Credit Model is an extension of the Rasch measurement framework designed for ordered polytomous items — items whose responses fall into more than two ordered categories, such as partial-credit tasks in performance assessment or open-ended scoring rubrics. Proposed by Geoff Masters in 1982 and later generali

2 fonts1982

environmental psychology

PEBS

The Pro-Environmental Behavior Scale (PEBS) measures the frequency and breadth of environmentally responsible actions that individuals perform in their daily lives, including recycling, energy conservation, water conservation, sustainable transportation, sustainable consumption, and environmental activism. Unlike attit

2 fonts2002

child psychiatry

Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire

The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) is a 22–24 item parent-report screening tool for sleep-disordered breathing and associated daytime dysfunction in children ages 2–18 years. Developed by Ronald Chervin at the University of Michigan in 2000, the PSQ measures three domains: symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (snor

pediatric medicine

PedMIDAS

The PedMIDAS is a brief 6-item parent-report (with child input for older youth) instrument developed by Hershey et al. in 2001 to quantify migraine-related functional disability in children and adolescents. Rather than measuring pain intensity or headache frequency, the PedMIDAS focuses on the ultimate impact of migrai

2 fonts2001

Pedogenesis Modeling

Pedogenesis modeling is a quantitative method used in agronomy and soil science to simulate the processes by which soils form and evolve over time. Rooted in Hans Jenny's 1941 factorial framework — soil as a function of climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time — modern approaches translate these conceptual

2 fonts1941

educational psychology

Peer Learning Scale

The Peer Learning Scale measures the extent and quality of collaborative learning experiences among students, capturing the frequency of peer interaction, perceived support from peers, quality of peer feedback, and learning gains from collaboration. Grounded in social-constructivist theory and decades of research on co

Penman-Monteith Equation

The Penman-Monteith equation is a mechanistic model for estimating evapotranspiration (ET), the combined loss of water from soil and plant canopies to the atmosphere. First proposed by Penman (1948) for bare soil and water surfaces, then extended by Monteith (1965) to incorporate plant resistance to water vapor diffusi

3 fonts1948

Penn State Worry Questionnaire

The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) is a 16-item self-report instrument specifically designed to measure the trait dimension of worry—the tendency to worry excessively across situations. Developed by Meyer, Miller, Metzger, and Borkovec in 1990, the PSWQ has become the standard instrument for assessing worry as a

1 font1990

Perceived Organizational Support Scale

The Perceived Organizational Support Scale (POSS) measures employees' beliefs about the degree to which their employing organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being. Developed by Eisenberger and colleagues in 1986, it is a foundational construct in organizational psychology that predicts emp

3 fonts1986

trauma psychology

Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale

The PSRS is an 8-item self-report scale measuring individual differences in perceived reactivity to stressful situations—the subjective sense of being easily stressed, emotionally reactive, or overwhelmed by demands. Developed by Hewitt and colleagues in the context of perfectionism and stress research, the PSRS captur

2 fonts2009

Perceived Stress Scale

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), developed by Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein in 1983, is the most widely used measure of subjective stress in research and clinical practice. Available in 10-item (PSS-10) and 14-item (PSS-14) versions, the PSS assesses the degree to which individuals perceive situations as unpredictab

2 fonts1983

tourism management

Perceived Value Scale for Tourism

The Perceived Value Scale for Tourism (PVST) measures visitors' judgments of whether tourism experiences deliver fair value—balancing perceived benefits (quality of experience, emotional satisfaction, novelty) against perceived costs (monetary price, time investment, effort). Rooted in Zeithaml's value perception theor

4 fonts1988

obstetrics gynecology

Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale

The Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) is a 31-item self-report instrument designed to screen for anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Developed by Somerville and colleagues in 2014, it addresses the clinical need for a brief, validated tool that captures the full spectrum of perinatal anx

1 font2014

dentistry

Periodontal Probing

Periodontal probing is a clinical assessment technique that measures the depth of gingival crevices and periodontal pockets to diagnose periodontal disease. Introduced by the American Academy of Periodontology in the mid-20th century, it remains the gold standard for assessing periodontal health status. The procedure e

3 fonts1957

positive psychology

PERMA Profiler

The PERMA-Profiler is a 23-item multidimensional measure of flourishing developed by Butler and Kern in 2016 based on Seligman's PERMA model of positive psychology. It assesses five core domains of human flourishing—Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment—plus Negative Emotion and Lonel

1 font2016

Pesticide Efficacy Trial

Pesticide Efficacy Trial is an experimental design and analysis pipeline for evaluating the effectiveness of fungicides, insecticides, and other plant protection products under field or greenhouse conditions. Standardized by EPPO and IOBC, this method quantifies pest or disease control and informs regulatory approval,

2 fonts2010

geoscience

Petrographic Analysis

Petrographic analysis is the microscopic examination of rock thin sections to determine mineral composition, grain size, texture, and diagenetic alteration. Pioneered by Sorby in 1858, this method remains the gold standard for understanding lithology and has evolved to include quantitative image analysis and cathodolum

3 fonts1858

bereavement psychology

PG-13

The Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-13) is a 13-item diagnostic assessment tool developed by Prigerson and Maciejewski to operationalize the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for Prolonged Grief Disorder. Designed as a structured clinical instrument, the PG-13 directly maps onto the symptomatic, cognitive, and functional

1 font2008

PGSI

The PGSI (Problem Gambling Severity Index) is a 9-item self-report questionnaire measuring problem gambling severity and gambling disorder risk. Developed by Ferris and Wynne in 2001 for the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, it is one of the most widely used screening tools for gambling disorder in Englis

3 fonts2001

neuroimaging

Phase-Locking Value

Phase-Locking Value (PLV) is a frequency-domain measure of neural synchronization that quantifies the stability of phase difference between two signals. Introduced by Lachaux and colleagues in 1999, PLV detects phase coupling between brain regions independent of signal amplitude, enabling researchers to characterize fu

2 fonts1999