ScholarGate
اكتشف
المكتبةمكتبتيالمنضدةفحص مسبقReview Studioالمساعد
مساحة العمل
قارن
أنشئ رفّ كتبك

احفظ الطرق، ونظّم المجموعات، وانقلها إلى منضدتك.

إنشاء حساب
المكتبة / تصفح
تسجيل الدخول
المكتبة

استكشف العلم حسب المنهج والمجال والأدلة.

فهرس واحد لمناهج البحث — تعرّف على طريقة عمل كل منهج، ومتى يُستخدم، وما الذي لا يستطيع فعله.

6,495 مناهج11 مجالات7 عائلات مناهج40 لغات
أطلس العلمارسم خريطة بنية العلم قبل أن تستخدمه.المجالات · المناهج · مسارات الأدلةاستكشف الخريطة
المجالHealth & Medicine716Psychology570Business & Finance410Engineering330Life Sciences263Education261Research Practice248
ScholarGate

مكتبة مرجعية يتصدّرها المحتوى لطرق البحث — ما كل طريقة، وكيف تعمل، ومن أين جاءت.

بيانات مفتوحة (CC-BY)

اكتشف

  • المكتبة
  • ابحث في الطرق…
  • تصفّح حسب المجال
  • المجالات
  • الرحلة
  • قارن
  • أي طريقة؟

مرجع

  • المواضيع
  • الأطلس
  • المسرد
  • المنهجية
  • الفلسفة

مساحة العمل

  • مكتبتي
  • المنضدة
  • محادثة

الشركة

  • حول
  • الأسعار
  • اتصل بنا
  • اقترح طريقة

المداخل مجمَّعة من مصادر منشورة لأغراض مرجعية. ويبقى التحقق من دقة أي معلومة ومدى ملاءمتها لاستخدامك الخاص مسؤوليتك وحدك.

© 2026 ScholarGate · مكتبة مرجعية لطرق البحث
  • الخصوصية
  • ملفات تعريف الارتباط
  • الشروط
  • حذف الحساب
Natural Sciences236
Social Sciences185
Environment & Sustainability160
Law30
المنهجالإحصاء1,836الذكاء الاصطناعي وتعلم الآلة1,661علوم القرار932مناهج البحث1,354القياس1,745السببية والأدلة532الممارسة البحثية118
814 مناهج · مناهج البحثمسح
مناهج حقيقية مطابقة لعامل التصفية لديك.
ترتيبالشيوعأ–يي–أالأحدث
experimental design

Optimization-assisted central composite design

Optimization-assisted central composite design (CCD) combines the rotatable, second-order experimental layout of central composite design with mathematical optimization algorithms — typically desirability functions, response surface optimization, or metaheuristics — to find the factor settings that simultaneously maxim

2 مصادر1951
experimental design

Optimization-assisted design of experiments

Optimization-assisted design of experiments (OA-DoE) couples a structured experimental plan with a mathematical optimization engine to locate factor settings that simultaneously satisfy multiple response objectives. Rather than stopping at fitting a response surface model, the analyst applies desirability functions, ge

2 مصادر1980
experimental design

Optimization-assisted event tree analysis

Optimization-assisted event tree analysis couples the structured probability logic of classical event tree analysis (ETA) with an optimization layer — typically mathematical programming or metaheuristic search — to identify the best combination of safety barriers, mitigation strategies, or resource allocations that min

2 مصادر1975
experimental design

Optimization-assisted failure mode and effects analysis

Optimization-assisted FMEA extends classical Failure Mode and Effects Analysis by embedding mathematical optimization algorithms — such as linear programming, multi-objective optimization, or metaheuristics — into the risk prioritization step. Rather than relying solely on the Risk Priority Number (RPN = Severity × Occ

2 مصادر1949
experimental design

Optimization-assisted fractional factorial design

Optimization-assisted fractional factorial design (OA-FFD) combines classical fractional factorial screening with algorithmic optimality criteria — such as D-, I-, or A-optimality — to construct experiment matrices that maximize statistical efficiency. Instead of relying solely on standard orthogonal-array tables, a co

2 مصادر1960
experimental design

Optimization-assisted full factorial design

Optimization-assisted full factorial design is a structured engineering workflow that runs a complete full factorial experiment — covering every combination of factor levels — and then applies a formal optimization method to identify the factor settings that best satisfy one or more performance targets. It combines the

2 مصادر1980
experimental design

Optimization-assisted process capability analysis

Optimization-assisted process capability analysis combines classical capability indices (Cp, Cpk, Cpm) with mathematical optimization to identify process parameter settings that simultaneously satisfy engineering specifications and maximize process capability. Rather than simply measuring whether a process is capable,

2 مصادر1986
experimental design

Optimization-assisted quality function deployment

Optimization-assisted QFD extends the classic House of Quality framework by embedding mathematical optimization — linear programming, multi-objective optimization, or metaheuristics — directly into the QFD process. This allows engineers to simultaneously maximize customer satisfaction and minimize cost or resource cons

2 مصادر1990
experimental design

Optimization-assisted Reliability Analysis

Optimization-assisted reliability analysis couples probabilistic reliability assessment with mathematical optimization to simultaneously identify failure probabilities and find design configurations that satisfy reliability targets at minimum cost or weight. Widely applied in structural, mechanical, and aerospace engin

2 مصادر1990
experimental design

Optimization-assisted response surface methodology

Optimization-assisted RSM couples a second-order response surface model with a mathematical optimization routine — most commonly Derringer and Suich's desirability function, but also genetic algorithms or gradient-based solvers — to locate the factor settings that simultaneously satisfy multiple quality or performance

2 مصادر1951
experimental design

Optimization-assisted Taguchi method

The optimization-assisted Taguchi method extends Taguchi's robust design framework by coupling its orthogonal-array experiments with a secondary optimization algorithm — such as grey relational analysis, genetic algorithms, or particle swarm optimization — to simultaneously handle multiple response variables or to navi

2 مصادر1950
qualitative

Oral History

Oral history is a qualitative research method that collects, preserves, and interprets first-person spoken accounts of past events, experiences, and social processes. By recording in-depth interviews with individuals who witnessed or participated in historical events, oral historians document perspectives that written

2 مصادر1948
field methods

Oral History Method

The oral history method is a qualitative research approach in which researchers conduct in-depth, recorded interviews with individuals who have direct personal experience of a historical event, social process, or community life. It captures subjective perspectives, memory, and lived experience that written records rare

2 مصادر1948
research design

Panel Research

Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-uni

2 مصادر1970
research design

Panel-based Causal-Comparative Research

Panel-based causal-comparative research is a quantitative observational design that tracks the same sample of participants or units across multiple time points and then compares pre-existing groups to identify differences in outcomes. By combining the temporal depth of a panel structure with the group-contrast logic of

2 مصادر1950
research design

Panel-based Cohort Research

Panel-based cohort research is a longitudinal observational design that follows a defined group of individuals — the cohort — across multiple repeated measurement waves, collecting structured quantitative data at each wave. It merges the epidemiological strength of cohort tracking (a group sharing a common characterist

2 مصادر1950
research design

Panel-based Confirmatory Research

Panel-based confirmatory research combines the longitudinal power of panel data — repeated observations of the same units over time — with a pre-specified, hypothesis-driven analytic framework. Instead of exploring patterns post-hoc, the researcher commits to theoretical propositions before data collection and uses the

2 مصادر1960
research design

Panel-based cross-sectional research

Panel-based cross-sectional research draws repeated cross-sectional measurements from a pre-recruited standing panel rather than sampling fresh respondents each time. This hybrid design preserves the snapshot character of classic cross-sectional surveys while gaining speed, cost efficiency, and comparability across wav

2 مصادر1940
research design

Panel-based Descriptive Research

Panel-based descriptive research follows the same set of individuals, households, or organizations across multiple time points and uses that repeated-measures structure to describe how variables, distributions, and patterns change over time — without imposing an experimental manipulation or testing causal hypotheses. I

2 مصادر1940
research design

Panel-based ex post facto design

A panel-based ex post facto design tracks the same group of participants across multiple time points to examine how pre-existing differences in an independent variable — one the researcher did not manipulate — are associated with changes in an outcome over time. It merges the temporal depth of panel methodology with th

2 مصادر1950
research design

Panel-based exploratory quantitative research

Panel-based exploratory quantitative research tracks the same sample of participants across multiple measurement points to discover patterns, relationships, and change processes that a single snapshot cannot reveal. Because the research goal is exploratory — uncovering structure rather than testing a predetermined hypo

2 مصادر1940
research design

Panel-based Observational Quantitative Research

Panel-based observational quantitative research follows the same individuals, organizations, or units across two or more time points without experimentally manipulating any condition. By combining the within-unit depth of longitudinal tracking with the numerical precision of quantitative measurement, it enables researc

2 مصادر1960
research design

Panel-based quantitative content analysis

Panel-based quantitative content analysis applies systematic, numeric coding of media or textual content to the same fixed panel of sources at multiple time points. By holding the source panel constant while measurements repeat over time, researchers can track genuine change in content patterns rather than confounding

2 مصادر1950
research design

Panel-based survey research

Panel-based survey research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same set of respondents — the panel — is surveyed with structured questionnaires at two or more distinct time points. By tracking the same individuals over time, the design captures intra-individual change, documents how outcomes evolve, and

2 مصادر1940
research design

Panel-based trend research

Panel-based trend research tracks the same group of respondents — the panel — across multiple measurement waves over time, enabling researchers to separate genuine individual-level change from cohort differences and to model how variables evolve within persons. Unlike repeated cross-sectional designs, which sample new

2 مصادر1940
qualitative research

Participant Observation

Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural mea

4 مصادر1922
qualitative

Participatory Action Research

Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achiev

2 مصادر1940
qualitative

Participatory Biographical Research

Participatory Biographical Research (PBR) combines the in-depth life-story tradition of biographical methods with the collaborative ethos of participatory inquiry. Participants are not merely sources of data; they are active co-researchers who help design questions, interpret their own narratives, and validate emerging

2 مصادر1990
qualitative

Participatory Case Study

Participatory Case Study is a qualitative design that embeds participatory principles within a bounded case study framework. Participants are not merely research subjects but active collaborators who co-define the research questions, co-generate data, contribute to analysis, and validate the findings. The approach is a

2 مصادر1980
research design

Participatory Concurrent Embedded Mixed Methods

Participatory concurrent embedded mixed methods is a research design that combines a participatory or community-based action research framework with an embedded concurrent data structure — simultaneously collecting dominant and supplementary data strands from community stakeholders who are active co-investigators rathe

2 مصادر2000
research design

Participatory Concurrent Triangulation Mixed Methods

Participatory concurrent triangulation mixed methods is a research design that embeds a participatory worldview — prioritising community involvement, co-ownership, and social change — within a concurrent triangulation structure, in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected at the same time, analysed indepen

2 مصادر2000
qualitative

Participatory Content Analysis

Participatory Content Analysis (PCA) is a qualitative method that integrates community members or stakeholders directly into the content analysis process. Rather than treating participants solely as data sources, PCA positions them as co-analysts who help develop coding categories, interpret textual data, and validate

2 مصادر1990
qualitative

Participatory Conversation Analysis

Participatory Conversation Analysis (PCA) extends classical Conversation Analysis by actively involving the people whose talk is being studied in the analytical process. Rather than treating analysis as the researcher's exclusive domain, PCA invites practitioners, community members, or research participants to co-revie

2 مصادر2000
qualitative

Participatory Critical Discourse Analysis

Participatory Critical Discourse Analysis (PCDA) integrates the ideology-exposing tools of Critical Discourse Analysis with the community-centred ethics of participatory action research. Researchers and community members jointly collect and analyse texts and talk to reveal how language constructs, legitimises, or conte

2 مصادر1990
field methods

Participatory Design-Based Research

Participatory design-based research (PDBR) is an iterative educational research methodology in which practitioners — teachers, students, or community members — serve as genuine co-designers of interventions alongside researchers. Rooted in design-based research (DBR), PDBR adds explicit mechanisms for shared ownership,

2 مصادر2000
qualitative

Participatory Digital Ethnography

Participatory Digital Ethnography (PDE) is a qualitative research design that combines the immersive observation of digital ethnography with the collaborative, co-inquiry stance of participatory action research. Researchers work alongside community members within digital environments — social media platforms, online fo

2 مصادر2000
qualitative

Participatory Discourse Analysis

Participatory Discourse Analysis (PDA) integrates the collaborative ethos of participatory action research with the language-focused lens of discourse analysis. Community members or research participants are not merely sources of data — they are co-analysts who help collect, interpret, and act on discourse. PDA is used

2 مصادر1990
qualitative

Participatory Document analysis

Participatory Document Analysis is a qualitative research approach that systematically examines existing documents — such as policy records, reports, correspondence, and community archives — while actively involving community members or stakeholders as co-researchers in the selection, interpretation, and meaning-making

2 مصادر1940
qualitative

Participatory Ethnography

Participatory ethnography is a qualitative research design in which community members are not merely subjects of study but active collaborators throughout the research process — from problem formulation and data collection to analysis and writing. Building on classical ethnographic fieldwork, it shifts the researcher–p

2 مصادر1990
research design

Participatory Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods

The participatory explanatory sequential mixed methods design combines the two-phase QUAN-to-QUAL structure of the explanatory sequential design with a participatory or transformative worldview. Community members and stakeholders are involved as collaborators — not merely subjects — across all stages, from formulating

2 مصادر2000
research design

Participatory Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods

Participatory exploratory sequential mixed methods is a two-phase design in which an initial qualitative phase — conducted with and by community members — generates findings that are used to build or refine a quantitative instrument or intervention, which is then tested in a second phase. The participatory lens ensures

2 مصادر2007
qualitative

Participatory Hermeneutic Phenomenology

Participatory Hermeneutic Phenomenology combines the interpretive, text-oriented tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology — rooted in Heidegger and developed by van Manen — with a participatory ethos in which research participants are treated as active co-inquirers rather than passive informants. The approach seeks to un

2 مصادر1990
qualitative

Participatory Institutional Ethnography

Participatory Institutional Ethnography (PIE) combines Dorothy Smith's institutional ethnography with participatory research principles, positioning community members or service users as co-researchers who investigate how institutional relations, ruling texts, and organizational practices shape and often constrain thei

2 مصادر1990
qualitative

Participatory Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

Participatory Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (Participatory IPA) merges the interpretive, meaning-focused rigour of IPA with participatory research principles, engaging participants as active co-researchers in the design, data collection, and analytic phases. The approach is especially valued in studies involvi

2 مصادر2000
research design

Participatory Intervention Mixed Methods

Participatory Intervention Mixed Methods (PIMM) is a research design that embeds community members as co-investigators in the planning and delivery of an intervention, while collecting and integrating both quantitative outcome data and qualitative experiential data. The design bridges participatory action research trad

2 مصادر1990
field methods

Participatory Lesson Study

Participatory Lesson Study is an iterative, team-based professional development approach in which teachers — and often students, parents, or community members — jointly plan, observe, and critically reflect on live lessons to improve learning for a specific group of students. It extends the Japanese lesson study tradit

2 مصادر2000
research design

Participatory Mixed Methods Matrix

The Participatory Mixed Methods Matrix is a research design that embeds a joint-display integration matrix within a participatory research framework. Community members or other stakeholders co-design the study, co-collect quantitative and qualitative data strands, and then jointly interpret the matrix where both strand

2 مصادر2003
research design

Participatory Mixed Methods Meta-Inference

Participatory mixed methods meta-inference is the process by which researchers and community co-investigators draw a unified, integrated conclusion — the meta-inference — from separately analysed qualitative and quantitative strands within a participatory mixed methods study. Grounded in the meta-inference framework of

2 مصادر1998
research design

Participatory Multiphase Mixed Methods

Participatory multiphase mixed methods is a research design that integrates participatory action research principles into a multiphase mixed methods framework. Community members or stakeholders are active co-investigators across multiple sequential or concurrent phases, each combining quantitative and qualitative stran

2 مصادر2000
qualitative

Participatory Multiple case study

Participatory multiple case study research integrates the structured logic of multiple case study design — examining two or more bounded cases to build analytic generalisations — with the collaborative ethics of participatory research, where community members or practitioners co-design the inquiry, co-collect data, and

2 مصادر1980
qualitative

Participatory Narrative Research

Participatory Narrative Research (PNR), often operationalized as Participatory Narrative Inquiry (PNI), is a qualitative research design in which community members or stakeholders collect, share, and collectively interpret their own stories to understand complex social phenomena. Unlike researcher-driven narrative appr

2 مصادر2000
qualitative

Participatory Netnography

Participatory Netnography is a qualitative research approach in which the researcher becomes an active, contributing member of an online community in order to study it from within. Building on Kozinets' netnography framework, it extends the purely observational stance to active participation — the researcher posts, rep

2 مصادر1997
qualitative

Participatory Oral History

Participatory oral history is a qualitative research design in which community members act as co-researchers alongside academic investigators to collect, interpret, and share first-person accounts of lived experience and collective memory. Drawing on Michael Frisch's concept of 'shared authority,' it repositions resear

2 مصادر1970
field methods

Participatory Oral History Method

Participatory oral history method is a qualitative research approach in which community members are not merely interview subjects but active co-investigators who help shape the research questions, conduct or co-conduct interviews, analyze narratives, and govern how the resulting record is used. Rooted in both the oral

2 مصادر1970
qualitative

Participatory Phenomenology

Participatory phenomenology combines the depth of phenomenological inquiry — attending to the lived structure of experience — with the democratic ethos of participatory research, in which those being studied become active co-researchers. Rather than treating participants as data sources, the approach positions them as

2 مصادر1990
field methods

Participatory Program Evaluation

Participatory program evaluation is an applied evaluation approach in which program stakeholders — staff, participants, funders, or community members — are actively involved as co-evaluators rather than passive subjects. By engaging those closest to the program in designing questions, collecting data, and interpreting

2 مصادر1992
qualitative

Participatory Qualitative content analysis

Participatory Qualitative Content Analysis (PQCA) integrates the systematic text-analytic procedures of qualitative content analysis with the collaborative, power-sharing ethos of participatory research. Community members or stakeholders join the research team as co-analysts — helping to define the coding frame, interp

2 مصادر2000
research design

Participatory Qualitative-Priority Mixed Design

Participatory qualitative-priority mixed design combines a participatory research worldview with a qualitative-dominant mixed methods structure. The qualitative strand carries the primary explanatory weight — capturing lived experience, meaning, and community voice — while a smaller quantitative strand supplements and

2 مصادر2000
research design

Participatory Quantitative-Priority Mixed Design

Participatory quantitative-priority mixed design combines a community-engaged, participatory research framework with a mixed methods structure in which the quantitative strand carries primary weight. Stakeholders and community members co-shape research questions, instruments, and interpretation, while quantitative data

2 مصادر2000
qualitative

Participatory Semiotic Analysis

Participatory Semiotic Analysis (PSA) is a qualitative method that invites community members or research participants to actively co-analyze the signs, symbols, images, and texts that shape their social world. Combining the interpretive rigour of semiotic theory with the democratic ethos of participatory action researc

2 مصادر1990
← 910 / 1411 →