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一个汇集研究方法的目录——了解每种方法如何运作、何时使用以及它做不到什么。

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方法统计学1,836人工智能与机器学习1,661决策科学932研究方法1,354测量1,745因果与证据532研究实践118
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experimental design

Blocked Randomized Controlled Trial

A blocked randomized controlled trial (blocked RCT) uses permuted-block randomization to ensure that treatment groups remain balanced in size — and optionally in key characteristics — throughout recruitment. Within each block of fixed or randomly varied size, all treatment allocations are present in equal numbers, so i

2 个来源1920
experimental design

Blocked Solomon Four-Group Design

The blocked Solomon four-group design combines Solomon's classic four-group structure — which disentangles pretest sensitization effects from treatment effects — with blocking on a known nuisance variable. Participants are first grouped into homogeneous blocks (e.g., by baseline ability, gender, or site), then randomly

2 个来源1949
experimental design

Box-Behnken Design

The Box-Behnken design (BBD) is an efficient response surface methodology design that fits a full second-order polynomial model using three levels of each factor. Introduced by Box and Behnken in 1960, it places experimental points at the midpoints of the edges of a hypercube and at the center, avoiding the corner poin

2 个来源1960
field methods

Case Law Analysis

Case law analysis is a systematic method for examining judicial decisions to identify binding legal rules, evolving doctrines, and interpretive trends. Rooted in the common law tradition of stare decisis, it requires the researcher to locate the ratio decidendi — the binding reasoning — of each decision, distinguish it

2 个来源
qualitative

Case Study

Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observ

1 个来源1984
qualitative research

Case Study Research

Case study research is an intensive, contextual investigation of a single case (or small number of cases) to explore a phenomenon in depth. Developed systematically by Robert K. Yin (1984) and Robert E. Stake (1995), case study research employs multiple data sources (interviews, observation, documents, artifacts) to pr

3 个来源1984
research methodology

CASP RCT Checklist

The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) RCT Checklist is a practical, widely adopted tool developed by the UK-based Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (founded 1993) for assessing the methodological quality and relevance of published randomized controlled trials. Unlike numeric scoring scales, it uses 11 struct

1 个来源1993
research design

Causal-Comparative Research

Causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design in which the researcher compares two or more groups that already differ on an independent variable — one that was not manipulated — to investigate possible causes or consequences of that difference. Because group membership is pre-existing rather tha

2 个来源1964
experimental design

Central Composite Design

Central Composite Design (CCD) is a second-order response surface design that allows researchers to efficiently fit a full quadratic model relating multiple continuous input factors to one or more response variables. Introduced by Box and Wilson in 1951, it combines a factorial (or fractional factorial) core, axial (st

2 个来源1951
archaeology

Ceramic Petrography

Ceramic petrography analyzes pottery through microscopic examination of thin sections cut from pottery sherds. This method determines clay sources, identifies non-plastic inclusions (temper), and reconstructs pottery production technology. Pioneered by Peter Stimmung and others, ceramic petrography reveals whether pott

3 个来源1976
political sociology

Civic Engagement Scale

The Civic Engagement Scale measures the extent and type of an individual's participation in civic, political, and community life. Rather than a single construct, it typically encompasses multiple dimensions: electoral participation (voting), political activity (contacting officials, campaign involvement), civic service

3 个来源1995
qualitative

Classic Grounded Theory

Classic Grounded Theory (CGT) is a systematic qualitative methodology for generating substantive theory from empirical data. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, it uses iterative cycles of data collection, constant comparison, and memo writing to produce a core category and surrounding conceptual fra

2 个来源1967
field methods

Classroom Observation

Classroom observation is a field research method in which a trained observer systematically watches, documents, and analyzes teaching and learning events as they occur in a real classroom setting. It can be structured (using a predefined coding instrument such as Flanders Interaction Analysis or CLASS), semi-structured

2 个来源1960
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Adaptive Experiment

A cluster randomized adaptive experiment combines two methodological principles: (1) intact groups such as schools, clinics, or villages are randomly assigned to treatment conditions rather than individuals, and (2) pre-specified rules allow the design to be modified during the trial based on accumulating cluster-level

2 个来源2000
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Control Group Experimental Design

A cluster randomized control group experimental design randomly assigns intact groups (clusters) — such as schools, clinics, or communities — rather than individuals to treatment or control conditions. At least one cluster group receives no active intervention, serving as the control. This design is essential when indi

2 个来源1990
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

A cluster randomized controlled trial (cluster RCT) is an experimental design in which intact social or organisational groups — such as schools, clinics, villages, or workplaces — are randomly assigned to treatment conditions rather than individual participants. Outcomes are still measured at the individual level, but

2 个来源1978
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Factorial Experiment

A cluster randomized factorial experiment assigns intact groups (clusters such as schools, clinics, or communities) at random to all combinations of two or more treatment factors, enabling simultaneous evaluation of multiple interventions and their interactions while respecting the natural grouping of participants. It

2 个来源1990
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Field Experiment

A cluster randomized field experiment (CRFE) assigns intact groups — schools, villages, clinics, workplaces — rather than individuals to treatment or control conditions, and the experiment is conducted in real-world settings rather than a laboratory. Randomization at the group level controls for contamination between c

2 个来源1980
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Fractional Factorial Experiment

A cluster-randomized fractional factorial experiment combines two design principles: randomization is applied to intact groups (clusters such as schools, clinics, or communities) rather than individuals, and only a carefully chosen fraction of all possible factor-level combinations is tested. This pairing makes it prac

2 个来源1950
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Full Factorial Experiment

A cluster-randomized full factorial experiment assigns intact groups (clusters) rather than individuals to every possible combination of two or more experimental factors. All factor-level combinations are tested simultaneously, enabling estimation of both main effects and all interaction effects, while preserving the i

2 个来源1998
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Laboratory Experiment

A cluster randomized laboratory experiment assigns intact groups — such as lab sections, cohorts, or naturally formed teams — rather than individual participants, to experimental conditions. All participants within a cluster receive the same treatment. The design is used when individual randomization would cause contam

2 个来源1990
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Multi-Arm Experiment

A cluster randomized multi-arm experiment assigns intact groups — such as schools, clinics, or villages — rather than individuals to three or more experimental conditions simultaneously. Randomization occurs at the cluster level to prevent contamination between arms, while the multi-arm structure allows simultaneous ev

2 个来源1990
experimental design

Cluster Randomized Solomon Four-Group Design

The cluster randomized Solomon four-group design combines cluster randomization — assigning intact groups such as schools, clinics, or communities to conditions — with the Solomon four-group structure that isolates the effect of pretesting. Four clusters (or sets of clusters) are created: two receive the treatment and

2 个来源1949
visual arts

Color Harmony Analysis

Color Harmony Analysis is a systematic method for evaluating the aesthetic coherence and visual appeal of color combinations in design. Rooted in foundational color theory principles established by Johannes Itten and Albert H. Munsell, this pipeline assesses how colors interact within compositions to create pleasing, b

3 个来源1912
visual arts

Color Palette Extraction

Color Palette Extraction is a computational method for automatically identifying the dominant and aesthetically significant colors within an image or design. By clustering and ranking color frequencies using computer vision techniques, this pipeline produces actionable color palettes suitable for design replication, br

3 个来源2012
political sociology

Community Belonging Scale

The Community Belonging Scale measures the subjective psychological sense of community—the feeling that one belongs, is accepted, and is valued within one's community. Distinct from objective measures of networks or participation, it captures the affective experience of community integration. Developed by Seymour Saras

3 个来源1974
field methods

Comparative Case Law Analysis

Comparative case law analysis is a qualitative legal research method that systematically examines and contrasts judicial decisions from two or more legal systems or jurisdictions. By placing rulings side by side, the method identifies convergences, divergences, and the underlying legal reasoning that shapes how courts

2 个来源1900
research design

Comparative Confirmatory Research

Comparative confirmatory research tests whether a pre-specified theoretical model or set of hypotheses holds equivalently across two or more distinct groups, time points, or contexts. It extends standard confirmatory analysis by explicitly imposing and evaluating equality constraints across groups, determining not only

2 个来源1971
qualitative

Comparative Constructivist Grounded Theory

Comparative Constructivist Grounded Theory combines Kathy Charmaz's constructivist strand of grounded theory with an explicit comparative design, deliberately collecting and analyzing data from two or more groups, settings, or time points to build a theory that accounts for variation and similarity across contexts. The

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Comparative Content analysis

Comparative Content Analysis applies a shared coding framework to texts, documents, or media artifacts drawn from two or more groups, contexts, time points, or nations in order to identify similarities, differences, and patterns across those units of comparison. By holding the analytical lens constant while varying the

2 个来源1952
qualitative

Comparative Conversation Analysis

Comparative Conversation Analysis (comparative CA) applies the rigorous micro-analytic methods of Conversation Analysis across two or more contrasting interactional settings, languages, cultures, or participant groups. It examines how the sequential organisation of talk — turn-taking, repair, adjacency pairs, and actio

2 个来源1974
research design

Comparative Cross-Sectional Research

Comparative cross-sectional research is a quantitative observational design that measures and compares characteristics, attitudes, or outcomes across two or more pre-defined groups at a single point in time. By building the comparison into the sampling frame rather than treating it as a secondary analysis step, the des

2 个来源1950
research design

Comparative Descriptive Research

Comparative descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, or conditions across two or more naturally occurring groups, then places those descriptions side by side to identify similarities and differences. Unlike causal-comparative des

2 个来源1960
qualitative

Comparative Digital Ethnography

Comparative Digital Ethnography (CDE) is a qualitative design that applies ethnographic methods — sustained participant observation, interview, and artefact analysis — across two or more digital settings simultaneously. By systematically comparing practices, meanings, and interactions in different online environments (

2 个来源1995
qualitative

Comparative Discourse Analysis

Comparative discourse analysis examines how language constructs meaning, identity, and power by systematically contrasting texts or speech acts drawn from at least two distinct contexts, groups, time periods, or institutions. By holding analytical categories constant across cases, it reveals how discursive patterns div

2 个来源1980
field methods

Comparative Doctrinal Legal Research

Comparative doctrinal legal research systematically identifies, expounds, and compares the legal rules, principles, and doctrines governing the same problem across two or more jurisdictions. It combines the internal rigour of doctrinal analysis — mapping the authoritative sources of a single legal system — with the ext

2 个来源1960
qualitative

Comparative Document Analysis

Comparative document analysis is a qualitative research design that systematically examines two or more documents — or document sets — side by side to identify similarities, differences, patterns, and contradictions across contexts, institutions, time periods, or jurisdictions. Drawing on document analysis as a primary

2 个来源2000
qualitative

Comparative Ethnography

Comparative ethnography is a qualitative research design that conducts in-depth ethnographic fieldwork across two or more sites, groups, communities, or cultural settings in order to generate systematic comparisons. Rather than describing a single community in isolation, it traces similarities, differences, and interco

2 个来源1987
research design

Comparative Explanatory Research

Comparative explanatory research is an observational design that systematically examines two or more groups, nations, organisations, or time points in order to explain why differences in outcomes occur. Rather than merely describing variation, it seeks causal or contributing mechanisms by holding some conditions consta

2 个来源1843
research design

Comparative Exploratory Quantitative Research

Comparative exploratory quantitative research is a design that uses structured numerical data collection to discover patterns, differences, and relationships across two or more distinct groups or conditions — without a fully specified hypothesis in advance. It sits at the intersection of exploratory intent and comparat

2 个来源
qualitative

Comparative grounded theory

Comparative grounded theory applies the systematic inductive logic of grounded theory across two or more distinct groups, settings, or time points. Rather than generating a theory grounded in a single context, it builds theory that explains variation and similarity across contexts, producing conceptually richer and mor

2 个来源1967
field methods

Comparative Hermeneutic Analysis

Comparative hermeneutic analysis is a qualitative method that applies hermeneutic interpretation across two or more texts, traditions, or discourses to reveal shared meanings, tensions, and divergences. Drawing on Gadamer's concept of the hermeneutic circle and Ricoeur's theory of text and meaning, it moves iteratively

2 个来源1960
field methods

Comparative Historical Archival Research

Comparative historical archival research combines systematic examination of primary archival sources across two or more historical cases — nations, regions, institutions, or time periods — to identify causal patterns, structural similarities, and divergences that single-case histories cannot reveal. It is the method of

2 个来源
qualitative

Comparative Institutional Ethnography

Comparative Institutional Ethnography (CIE) extends Dorothy Smith's institutional ethnography to two or more institutional settings, revealing how texts, ruling relations, and coordinated work practices operate across different organizational contexts. By holding the standpoint of workers or clients constant while vary

2 个来源1987
qualitative

Comparative Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Comparative Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Comparative IPA) applies the IPA framework — developed by Jonathan A. Smith — to examine and contrast the lived experiences of two or more distinct groups or individuals. Rather than producing a single composite description, it preserves within-group detail and then

2 个来源1996
field methods

Comparative Legal Analysis

Comparative legal analysis is a structured research method that examines how two or more legal systems — whether national, regional, or supranational — address a common legal problem. By placing rules, doctrines, and judicial decisions side by side, researchers identify convergences, divergences, and the underlying soc

2 个来源1900
qualitative

Comparative Life history research

Comparative life history research is a qualitative approach that collects extended first-person accounts of individuals' lives across two or more cases, groups, or social contexts, then systematically compares these accounts to identify shared patterns, divergences, and the social forces that shape biographical traject

2 个来源1920
research design

Comparative Longitudinal Research

Comparative longitudinal research tracks two or more distinct groups across multiple time points, enabling researchers to observe how outcomes change over time and whether those trajectories differ between groups. By combining the temporal depth of longitudinal design with the between-group contrast of comparative desi

2 个来源1960
research design

Comparative Model Testing Research

Comparative model testing research is a quantitative design in which two or more theoretically motivated models — or the same model evaluated across distinct groups or conditions — are systematically tested and compared using fit indices, likelihood-ratio tests, or information criteria. The goal is to determine which m

2 个来源1969
qualitative

Comparative Multiple case study

Comparative multiple case study is a qualitative research design in which two or more bounded cases are studied in depth and then systematically compared to identify patterns, contrasts, and transferable findings. Rooted in Robert Yin's case study methodology and Robert Stake's multiple-case analysis framework, it comb

2 个来源1984
qualitative

Comparative Narrative Research

Comparative narrative research is a qualitative design that collects personal stories or life accounts from two or more participants, groups, or contexts and systematically compares them to reveal patterns, contrasts, and contextual influences. Drawing on narrative inquiry's attention to experience-as-story, it adds a

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Comparative Netnography

Comparative netnography applies netnographic methods systematically across two or more online communities, platforms, or cultural contexts to reveal both shared and divergent patterns in online social life. Grounded in Kozinets's netnographic tradition, it extends single-site online ethnography into a comparative logic

2 个来源1990
qualitative

Comparative Oral history

Comparative oral history collects and systematically compares first-person spoken testimonies from two or more distinct groups, communities, or historical contexts. The method blends the interpretive depth of oral history — privileging personal memory and narrative — with the analytical logic of comparative design, ena

2 个来源1970
research design

Comparative Panel Research

Comparative panel research tracks the same individuals, organizations, or macro-level units (e.g., countries, regions) across multiple time points while simultaneously comparing findings across two or more distinct groups or contexts. By combining the temporal depth of panel measurement with the analytical leverage of

2 个来源1970
qualitative

Comparative phenomenology

Comparative phenomenology applies phenomenological inquiry to two or more distinct groups, cultures, or contexts, explicitly contrasting how each group lives through and makes meaning of a shared phenomenon. Rather than describing a single unified essence, it reveals both common structures and meaningful differences in

2 个来源1980
qualitative

Comparative Qualitative content analysis

Comparative qualitative content analysis (comparative QCA) applies a systematic, category-driven reading of texts or documents across two or more cases, groups, time periods, or cultural contexts, with the explicit goal of identifying similarities, differences, and patterns that emerge from the comparison. It combines

2 个来源1983
research design

Comparative Quantitative Content Analysis

Comparative quantitative content analysis is a systematic, replicable method for counting and categorizing features of communication content — such as news coverage, social media posts, or policy documents — across two or more groups, time periods, outlets, or countries. By applying a standardized codebook to each comp

2 个来源1952
qualitative

Comparative Reflexive Thematic Analysis

Comparative Reflexive Thematic Analysis (CRTA) applies Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis framework to data drawn from two or more distinct groups, time points, or contexts, with the explicit goal of contrasting thematic patterns across those groups. The reflexive element means the analyst continuously inte

2 个来源2006
qualitative

Comparative Semiotic Analysis

Comparative semiotic analysis examines how signs, symbols, and meaning-making systems operate across two or more contexts — such as different cultures, historical periods, media platforms, or social groups. By applying semiotic frameworks (denotation, connotation, myth, codes, paradigms) systematically across parallel

2 个来源1916
qualitative

Comparative Straussian Grounded Theory

Comparative Straussian Grounded Theory applies the systematic open–axial–selective coding framework of Strauss and Corbin across two or more purposively selected contexts, groups, or sites to generate theory that explains both within-context processes and cross-context variation. The constant comparative method — the a

2 个来源1967
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