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Khám phá khoa học theo phương pháp, lĩnh vực và bằng chứng.

Một danh mục duy nhất về các phương pháp nghiên cứu — tìm hiểu cách mỗi phương pháp hoạt động, khi nào nên dùng và điều nó không làm được.

6,435 phương pháp11 lĩnh vực7 họ phương pháp40 ngôn ngữ
Atlas khoa họcLập bản đồ cấu trúc của khoa học trước khi sử dụng.Lĩnh vực · phương pháp · lộ trình bằng chứngKhám phá bản đồ
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Thư viện tham khảo về phương pháp nghiên cứu, đặt nội dung lên hàng đầu — mỗi phương pháp là gì, hoạt động ra sao và bắt nguồn từ đâu.

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Các mục từ được biên soạn từ những nguồn đã công bố nhằm mục đích tham khảo. Việc kiểm chứng tính chính xác và mức độ phù hợp của bất kỳ thông tin nào cho mục đích sử dụng của bạn vẫn thuộc trách nhiệm của bạn.

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Phương phápThống kê1,836Trí tuệ nhân tạo & học máy1,661Khoa học quyết định932Phương pháp nghiên cứu1,354Đo lường1,745Nhân quả & bằng chứng532Thực hành nghiên cứu118
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Sắp xếpĐộ phổ biếnA–ZZ–AMới nhất
epidemiology

Bayesian Cohort Study

A Bayesian cohort study follows a defined group of individuals over time to estimate incidence, risk, or rate of outcomes, while using Bayesian statistical inference to incorporate prior knowledge and quantify uncertainty through posterior probability distributions rather than classical p-values and confidence interval

2 nguồn1990
epidemiology

Bayesian Competing Risks Analysis

Bayesian competing risks analysis is a time-to-event method for settings where subjects can fail from more than one mutually exclusive cause — such as death from cancer versus death from cardiovascular disease — and prior knowledge or small-sample uncertainty makes a Bayesian framework advantageous. It extends classica

2 nguồn1980
epidemiology

Bayesian Cox Proportional Hazards

The Bayesian Cox proportional hazards model combines Cox's classical semiparametric survival regression with Bayesian inference, replacing point estimates and p-values with full posterior distributions over regression coefficients. It handles right-censored time-to-event outcomes, quantifies uncertainty about hazard ra

2 nguồn1972
epidemiology

Bayesian Diagnostic Accuracy Study

A Bayesian diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a medical test distinguishes between people who have a condition and those who do not, using Bayesian statistical methods that formally incorporate prior knowledge into the estimation of sensitivity, specificity, and related measures. Unlike classical approaches t

2 nguồn1995
epidemiology

Bayesian Dose-Response Analysis

Bayesian dose-response analysis models the relationship between the level of exposure (dose) to a substance and the magnitude or probability of a biological response, embedding that model in a Bayesian probabilistic framework. Unlike frequentist approaches that yield a single point estimate with confidence intervals, t

2 nguồn1990
epidemiology

Bayesian Ecological Study

A Bayesian ecological study combines the group-level observational design of classical ecological epidemiology with Bayesian hierarchical modelling. Rather than treating disease rates as fixed quantities, it places prior distributions over latent spatial or temporal effects — commonly using the Besag-York-Mollié (BYM)

2 nguồn1991
epidemiology

Bayesian Kaplan-Meier analysis

Bayesian Kaplan-Meier analysis extends the classical Kaplan-Meier estimator by placing a prior distribution over the survival function and updating it with observed time-to-event data to obtain a full posterior distribution for the survival curve. This approach, rooted in Susarla and Van Ryzin's 1976 Dirichlet-process

2 nguồn1976
epidemiology

Bayesian nested case-control

A Bayesian nested case-control study embeds a case-control sampling scheme within a defined prospective cohort and then estimates exposure-outcome associations using Bayesian inference. Cases are individuals in the cohort who develop the outcome of interest; controls are sampled from the risk set at the time each case

2 nguồn1977
epidemiology

Bayesian Phase I clinical trial

A Bayesian Phase I clinical trial uses prior probability models and sequential Bayes updating to find the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a new agent. Unlike the traditional 3+3 rule-based escalation, the Bayesian approach revises a dose-toxicity curve continuously as each patient's outcome is observed, allowing faster

2 nguồn1990
epidemiology

Bayesian Phase II Clinical Trial

A Bayesian Phase II clinical trial applies Bayesian statistical inference to the standard Phase II objective of evaluating whether an experimental treatment shows sufficient early-phase efficacy to justify progression to a Phase III trial. By combining prior information with accumulating trial data, it enables principl

2 nguồn1990
epidemiology

Bayesian Phase III Clinical Trial

A Bayesian Phase III clinical trial is a large-scale, confirmatory randomized controlled trial that uses Bayesian statistical inference rather than conventional frequentist hypothesis testing to evaluate whether an experimental treatment meets pre-defined efficacy and safety thresholds. By combining prior evidence with

2 nguồn1990
epidemiology

Bayesian Phase IV study

A Bayesian Phase IV study is a post-marketing research design that applies Bayesian statistical inference to accumulate evidence about a drug or device already approved for clinical use. By formally combining prior evidence from earlier development phases with emerging real-world data, it enables continuous, probabilis

2 nguồn1980
epidemiology

Bayesian Randomized Clinical Trial

A Bayesian randomized clinical trial (Bayesian RCT) combines the rigour of random treatment allocation with Bayesian statistical inference, allowing researchers to incorporate prior evidence and update beliefs continuously as trial data accumulate. Unlike the classical frequentist RCT, it yields direct probability stat

2 nguồn1980
epidemiology

Bayesian Screening Test Evaluation

Bayesian screening test evaluation applies Bayes' theorem to quantify how a screening test result changes the probability that an individual truly has a disease. Rather than reporting sensitivity and specificity in isolation, the approach centres on predictive values — the probability of disease given a positive or neg

2 nguồn1763
clinical psychology

Beck Anxiety Inventory

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a 21-item self-report scale designed to measure the severity of somatic and cognitive symptoms of anxiety in adolescents and adults. Developed by Aaron T. Beck and Robert A. Steer in 1993, the BAI is widely used in clinical assessment, treatment monitoring, and research to quantify a

1 nguồn1993
clinical psychology

Beck Depression Inventory

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item self-report instrument designed to measure the severity of depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults. Developed by Aaron T. Beck in 1961 and revised as the BDI-II in 1996, it has become one of the most widely used screening and monitoring tools in clinical psychology

2 nguồn1961
clinical psychology

Beck Depression Inventory-II

The Beck Depression Inventory-II is a 21-item self-report instrument designed to assess the presence and severity of depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults. Originally published by Aaron T. Beck in 1961 and revised significantly in 1996, the BDI-II is one of the most widely used depression assessment tools in cl

3 nguồn1996
clinical assessment

Behavioral Pain Scale

The Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS), developed by Payen et al. in 2001, is a 12-point tool designed to assess pain in critically ill sedated or paralyzed patients who cannot communicate verbally. It evaluates facial expressions, upper limb movements, and ventilator compliance to quantify pain intensity despite sedation or

2 nguồn2001
health behavior

Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire

The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire—3 (BREQ-3) is a 24-item measure developed by Wilson and colleagues (2012) to assess the type and quality of motivation underlying exercise behavior. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, the BREQ-3 measures six regulation types positioned on a continuum from amotivat

2 nguồn2012
implementation science

Behaviour Change Wheel

The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) is a systematic, evidence-based framework for designing behavior change interventions. Developed by Michie et al. (2011) and built on the COM-B model (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation→Behavior), the BCW guides practitioners through a structured process: diagnose behavior change barri

3 nguồn2011
pharmacology

Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire

The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) is an 18-item self-report measure developed by Horne, Weinman, and Hankins in 1999 to assess patients' cognitive beliefs about necessity of medications and concerns about potential adverse effects. It is widely used in clinical research to predict medication adherence, pa

1 nguồn1999
physical therapy

Berg Balance Scale

The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is a 14-item performance-based assessment developed by Katherine Berg in 1989 to measure balance ability in older adults and individuals with neurological conditions. It evaluates static and dynamic balance through functional tasks relevant to daily living, providing a reliable and valid to

2 nguồn1989
sleep medicine

Berlin Questionnaire

The Berlin Questionnaire is a 10-item screening instrument designed to identify patients at risk for obstructive sleep apnea in primary care and community settings. Developed by Netzer and colleagues in 1999, it uses a three-category scoring approach (snoring symptoms, daytime somnolence, and hypertension/obesity) to s

1 nguồn1999
clinical psychology

BES

The BES is a 16-item self-report questionnaire designed specifically to measure the behavioural and emotional features of binge eating in obese and non-obese populations. Developed by Gormally and colleagues in 1982, the BES uses a forced-choice format and focuses on the subjective experience of loss of control, severi

3 nguồn1982
neurology

BI

The Barthel Index (BI) is the most widely used functional assessment tool for measuring disability and dependency in activities of daily living, particularly in stroke and neurological rehabilitation. Developed by Florence Mahoney and Dorothea Barthel in 1965, the 10-item index quantifies independence in basic self-car

2 nguồn1965
clinical psychology

BIDQ

The BIDQ is a brief self-report questionnaire screening for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a disorder characterized by preoccupation with a perceived defect in appearance and repetitive behaviours (mirror checking, grooming, comparing with others). Developed by Castle and colleagues, the BIDQ focuses on the core diagn

3 nguồn2006
pharmacometrics

Bioequivalence Analysis

Bioequivalence Analysis is a regulatory-grade statistical framework used to determine whether a test drug formulation (generic or reformulated) delivers the active ingredient to the systemic circulation at a rate and extent comparable to a reference product. Introduced by Donald J. Schuirmann in 1987, the method operat

1 nguồn1987
veterinary medicine

Blood Gas Analysis in Veterinary Medicine

Blood gas analysis is a systematic laboratory method for measuring partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, pH, bicarbonate, and electrolytes in arterial or venous blood. Formalized in veterinary medicine since the 1960s-1970s, it provides critical real-time assessment of respiratory function, metabolic status,

3 nguồn1960
veterinary medicine

Body Condition Score for Dogs and Cats

Body condition scoring is a systematic clinical assessment method for evaluating a dog's or cat's body fat and muscle mass relative to ideal standards. Developed and standardized by Purina and veterinary nutrition experts in the 1990s-2000s, it provides objective evaluation of nutritional status, guides dietary managem

3 nguồn1997
cardiology

Borg Dyspnea Scale

The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale is a simple 0–10 (or original 6–20) numerical rating scale that quantifies a patient's subjective perception of dyspnea or general effort during activity or exercise testing. Developed by Swedish psychophysicist Gunnar Borg in the 1970s–1980s, the Borg Scale is ubiquito

2 nguồn1982
speech language pathology

Boston Aphasia Severity Rating Scale

The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination Severity Rating Scale (BDAE-SRS) is the gold-standard clinician-administered assessment of aphasia severity and type in adults following stroke or acquired brain injury. Developed by Goodglass, Kaplan, and colleagues (2001, third edition), BDAE provides comprehensive evaluation

3 nguồn2001
nursing

Braden Scale

The Braden Scale is a standardized risk assessment instrument used in nursing to identify hospitalized patients at risk of developing pressure ulcers. Developed by Barbara Braden and Nancy Bergstrom in 1987, it remains one of the most widely adopted tools in clinical practice for pressure ulcer prevention. The scale co

2 nguồn1987
oncology nursing

Brief Fatigue Inventory

The Brief Fatigue Inventory is a 9-item patient self-report instrument specifically designed for rapid, repeated assessment of cancer-related fatigue severity and its functional impact. Developed by Mendoza, Cleeland, and colleagues at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in 1999, the BFI is optimized for use in busy oncology c

2 nguồn1999
health services

Brief Pain Inventory

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a concise, validated self-report instrument developed by Cleeland and Ryan beginning in 1994 to measure the severity and functional impact of pain in patients with cancer and chronic pain conditions. The BPI-Short Form comprises 11 items assessing pain severity and interference with da

3 nguồn1994
clinical psychology

Brief Phobia Scales

Brief Phobia Scales are a collection of short, focused self-report instruments designed to measure fear and anxiety related to specific phobias such as agoraphobia, claustrophobia, fear of flying, fear of heights, and other circumscribed fears. Developed by various researchers including Woody and Lohr, these scales pro

1 nguồn2005
clinical psychology

BSQ

The BSQ is a self-report questionnaire measuring preoccupation with and dissatisfaction about body shape. Originally developed by Cooper and colleagues in 1987, the full version contains 34 items; shorter versions (BSQ-16, BSQ-8) are also widely used. The BSQ was designed to assess body shape concern as a core psychopa

3 nguồn1987
health economics

Budget Impact Analysis

Budget impact analysis estimates the financial consequences (net costs or savings) of implementing a new health technology in a specific healthcare system or population over a short time horizon (typically 1–5 years). Distinct from cost-effectiveness analysis (which compares health outcomes per dollar), BIA answers a b

3 nguồn2005
occupational health

Burnout Exhaustion Scale

The Exhaustion Scale is a brief, single-item or multi-item measure of work-related exhaustion and fatigue. Derived from comprehensive burnout instruments such as the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, the Exhaustion Scale isolates the depletion dimension as a rapid screening tool. It is particu

2 nguồn2002
pharmacology

Caco-2 Permeability

The Caco-2 assay is an in vitro model system using human colon carcinoma cell monolayers to screen drug intestinal permeability. Developed by Hidalgo and colleagues in 1989, Caco-2 cells differentiate into an epithelial barrier resembling intestinal mucosa, enabling rapid assessment of drug absorption potential and ide

2 nguồn1989
health measurement

CAGE Questionnaire

The CAGE is a 4-item brief alcohol screening questionnaire developed by Ewing and colleagues in the 1970s. The acronym represents the four questions: Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye opener. Published in 1984, it has become one of the most widely used brief alcohol screens in medical practice due to its simplicity and hi

3 nguồn1974
health services

CAHPS Survey

The Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) is a family of evidence-based surveys developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) beginning in 1995. It systematically measures patient experiences across diverse healthcare settings including hospitals, ambulatory clinics, and h

3 nguồn1995
nursing

CAM Delirium Screening

The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a widely validated diagnostic tool developed by Sharon K. Inouye and colleagues to detect delirium in hospitalized patients. Delirium is an acute change in mental status characterized by inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered consciousness that is often missed in clinic

2 nguồn1990
integrative medicine

CAM Use Questionnaire

The I-CAM-Q is a structured questionnaire designed to systematically assess the use of complementary and alternative medicine practices and practitioners. Developed by Quandt and colleagues in 2009, it provides comprehensive data on CAM utilization patterns, frequency, purposes, and perceived helpfulness across diverse

2 nguồn2009
clinical psychology

Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale

The CDS is a 29-item self-report measure of depersonalisation and derealisation experiences, developed by Sierra and Berrios in 2000. It is the most widely used instrument for assessing dissociative symptom severity in both clinical and research settings, valuable for identifying depersonalisation disorder, monitoring

1 nguồn2000
oncology nursing

Cancer Fatigue Scale

The Cancer Fatigue Scale is a 15-item disease-specific self-report instrument that comprehensively assesses three dimensions of cancer-related fatigue: physical, cognitive, and emotional. Developed by Takuo Okuyama and colleagues at the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research and published in 2000, the CFS provides a b

2 nguồn2000
oncology

Cancer Worry Scale

The Cancer Worry Scale (CWS) is a brief 8-item instrument assessing the degree to which cancer-related worry interferes with daily functioning and emotional well-being. Developed by Lerman et al. in 1991, it quantifies cancer-related anxiety and distress—psychological burden distinct from symptom burden and functional

1 nguồn1991
nursing

Care Dependency Scale

The Care Dependency Scale (CDS) is a comprehensive assessment tool that measures the degree of care dependency in patients by evaluating their ability to perform activities of daily living and manage their health conditions independently. Developed by Atie Dijkstra and colleagues, the CDS focuses on physical independen

2 nguồn2000
epidemiology

Case series

A case series is a descriptive observational study that documents the characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of a group of patients who share a common condition, exposure, or intervention. Unlike case reports, which focus on a single patient, a case series aggregates data across multiple patients (typically thr

2 nguồn
epidemiology

Case-control study

A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of associa

2 nguồn1950
clinical research

Case-Control Study Design

A case-control study identifies individuals with a disease or outcome (cases) and a comparison group without the outcome (controls), then measures prior exposure retrospectively. Developed in the 1950s–1970s by epidemiologists like Schlesselman and MacMahon, case-control studies are especially efficient for rare diseas

3 nguồn1950
epidemiology

Case-crossover design

The case-crossover design is an observational epidemiological method that estimates whether a transient exposure triggers an acute event by comparing each case's exposure during a brief hazard window immediately before the event to their own exposure during earlier control periods. Because each person serves as their o

2 nguồn1991
health outcomes

CAT

The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) is a simple, rapid, patient-centered measure of COPD symptom burden and functional impact. Developed by Paul Jones and colleagues in 2009, this 8-item questionnaire captures how COPD affects cough, sputum, chest tightness, breathing difficulty, activity limitation, confidence, sleep, and

3 nguồn2009
public health nutrition

CDQ

The Children's Dietary Questionnaire (CDQ) is a parent-proxy or child self-report food frequency questionnaire designed to assess usual dietary intake in children and adolescents aged 6–18 years. Developed by Rockett and colleagues at Harvard School of Public Health in the 1990s, it captures consumption of 60–120 commo

2 nguồn1995
clinical psychology

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely

2 nguồn1977
pain medicine

Central Sensitization Inventory

The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a 25-item self-report screening instrument developed by Mayer and colleagues in 2012 to identify patients with central sensitization—a condition characterized by amplification of pain signaling and hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli. The CSI captures the constellation of sy

3 nguồn2012
clinical assessment

CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score

The CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, developed by Lip, Nieuwlaat, and colleagues in 2010, is a 9-point risk stratification tool for predicting annual stroke and systemic thromboembolism risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. It is the recommended score by major cardiology guidelines for guiding anticoagulation decisions.

2 nguồn2010
oncology nursing

Chalder Fatigue Scale

The Chalder Fatigue Scale is an 11-item brief self-report instrument measuring physical and mental fatigue, developed by Trudie Chalder and colleagues at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, in 1993. Originally designed for chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis/ME) research, the CFS has been extensively va

2 nguồn1993
dermatology

Children's DLQI

The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (cDLQI) is a pediatric-adapted version of the adult DLQI, measuring the impact of skin disease on quality of life in children and adolescents aged 4–16 years. Developed by Lewis-Jones and Finlay in 1995, it uses child-friendly language and addresses domains relevant to chil

2 nguồn1995
pharmacology

Chou-Talalay Method

The Chou-Talalay method is a quantitative framework for analyzing drug interactions, developed by Ting-Chao Chou and Paul Talalay in 1983. It combines median-effect principle with the combination index (CI) to provide rigorous, model-independent assessment of synergistic, additive, or antagonistic drug effects.

2 nguồn1983
pediatric medicine

CHQ

The Child Health Questionnaire is a generic, parent-reported instrument developed by Landgraf et al. in 1996 to measure health-related quality of life in children aged 5–18 years. Unlike disease-specific measures, the CHQ captures broad domains of physical, emotional, social, and school functioning, making it suitable

2 nguồn1996
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