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Khám phá khoa học theo phương pháp, lĩnh vực và bằng chứng.

Một danh mục duy nhất về các phương pháp nghiên cứu — tìm hiểu cách mỗi phương pháp hoạt động, khi nào nên dùng và điều nó không làm được.

6,435 phương pháp11 lĩnh vực7 họ phương pháp40 ngôn ngữ
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Phương phápThống kê1,836Trí tuệ nhân tạo & học máy1,661Khoa học quyết định932Phương pháp nghiên cứu1,354Đo lường1,745Nhân quả & bằng chứng532Thực hành nghiên cứu118
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Các phương pháp thực khớp với bộ lọc của bạn.
Sắp xếpĐộ phổ biếnA–ZZ–AMới nhất
efficiency analysis

Super-Efficiency DEA

Super-Efficiency DEA is a nonparametric linear programming extension of classical Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) introduced by Andersen and Petersen (1993). While standard DEA assigns a maximum efficiency score of 1.0 to all units on the efficient frontier, Super-Efficiency DEA allows efficient units to receive scores

1 nguồn1993
strategic management

Supply Chain Integration Scale

Supply Chain Integration (SCI) refers to an organization's capacity to seamlessly coordinate and align processes, information, and incentives across internal functions and with external suppliers and customers. Flynn et al. (2010) operationalized SCI into three complementary dimensions in the Journal of Operations Mana

3 nguồn2010
optimization

Surrogate-Based Optimization

Surrogate-based optimization, formalized in the computer-experiments framework of Sacks et al. (1989) and popularized for engineering by Forrester et al. (2008), replaces a prohibitively expensive simulation or physical experiment with a cheap approximate model — called a surrogate or metamodel — and then optimizes tha

2 nguồn1989
decision making

SWARA

SWARA (Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Keršulienė, V., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2010
decision making

SWARA II

SWARA II (Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis - Improved) is an enhanced variant of the SWARA method for deriving criterion weights from expert assessments. Instead of requiring pairwise comparisons or absolute weight assignments, SWARA II asks experts to rank criteria, then assess the relative importance of eac

2 nguồn2010
decision making

SWING

SWING (Swing Weighting — importance weights derived from worst-to-best swing utility gains) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by von Winterfeldt, D., Edwards, W. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible r

1 nguồn1986
soft computing

Symbolic Data Analysis

Symbolic Data Analysis (SDA) is a statistical framework designed to analyze complex, aggregate, or set-valued data — called symbolic data — in which each observation represents a group or concept rather than a single scalar. Introduced in its modern statistical form by Lynne Billard and Edwin Diday in 2003, SDA extends

1 nguồn2003
optimization

Tabu Search

Tabu Search is a local-search metaheuristic introduced by Fred Glover in 1989 that uses a tabu list — a short-term memory of recently visited solutions — to prevent cycling and escape local optima. By explicitly forbidding moves that reverse recent decisions, the algorithm explores the search space more broadly and, th

2 nguồn1989
decision making

TAXONOMY

TAXONOMY (Taxonomy Method — Wrocław Taxonomic Development Measure) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Florek, K., Łukaszewicz, J., Perkal, J., Steinhaus, H., Zubrzycki, S. in 1951. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible

1 nguồn1951
educational psychology

Test Anxiety Inventory

The Test Anxiety Inventory measures the situational anxiety experienced during examinations, distinguishing between cognitive worry and physiological emotionality. Developed by Spielberger in 1980, the TAI provides educators and clinicians with a validated assessment of test-specific anxiety—a prevalent barrier to acad

2 nguồn1980
quality management

Theory of Constraints

The Theory of Constraints (TOC) is a management philosophy and continuous improvement framework introduced by Eliyahu Goldratt in his 1984 novel The Goal and formalized in his 1990 book. TOC holds that every system has at least one constraint — a bottleneck that limits the system's overall throughput — and that systema

1 nguồn1990
otolaryngology

THI

The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) is a 25-item self-report scale that quantifies the functional, emotional, and catastrophic effects of tinnitus on daily life, work, and psychosocial well-being. Developed by Newman, Jacobson, and Spitzer in 1996, it has become the gold-standard outcome measure for assessing tinnitu

1 nguồn1996
soft computing

Three-Way Decisions

Three-Way Decisions (3WD) is a decision-theoretic framework, introduced by Yiyu Yao in 2010, that partitions the universe of objects into three regions—positive (accept), negative (reject), and boundary (abstain)—using probabilistic rough set theory. Unlike binary classifiers that force every object into one of two cla

1 nguồn2010
decision making

TIFN-CODAS

TIFN-CODAS (Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number CODAS (Daami Remadi & Frikha 2023)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Atanassov, K. T. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1986
forestry

Timber Harvest Scheduling

Timber harvest scheduling is an optimization method that determines which forest stands should be harvested and when, to achieve management objectives (economic return, sustained yield, biodiversity, wildlife habitat) while respecting constraints (minimum harvest age, ending inventory level, adjacent-stand restrictions

2 nguồn1977
decision making

TNORM-EINSTEIN

TNORM-EINSTEIN (Einstein T-norm — Einstein product and sum for IFN/PFN aggregation) is a t-norm multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Klement, E.P.; Mesiar, R.; Pap, E. / Xu, Z.; Yager, R.R. in 1963; 2007. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, rep

1 nguồn1963
decision making

TNORM-FRANK

TNORM-FRANK (Frank T-norm — Frank family of associative t-norms and t-conorms) is a t-norm multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Frank, M.J. in 1979. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1979
decision making

TNORM-HAMACHER

TNORM-HAMACHER (Hamacher T-norm — Rational parametric t-norm for fuzzy aggregation) is a t-norm multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Hamacher, H. in 1978. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1978
decision making

TNORM-SCHWEIZER-SKLAR

TNORM-SCHWEIZER-SKLAR (Schweizer-Sklar T-norm — Power-based parametric t-norm family) is a t-norm multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Schweizer, B.; Sklar, A. in 1960. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1960
decision making

TODIM

TODIM (TOmada de Decisão Interativa e Multicritério (Interactive and Multicriteria Decision Making)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Gomes, L. F. A. M., Lima, M. M. P. P. in 1992. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducib

1 nguồn1992
game theory

Top Trading Cycles

Top Trading Cycles (TTC) is an algorithm for allocating indivisible goods to agents such that the allocation is Pareto efficient and individually rational. Developed by Lloyd Shapley and Herbert Scarf in 1974, the algorithm identifies cycles of trades in a preference digraph, executes those trades, and iteratively repe

2 nguồn1974
decision making

TOPSIS-SORT

TOPSIS-SORT (TOPSIS-Sort — TOPSIS-based sorting of alternatives into ordered categories) is a sorting multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Sabokbar, H. F., Hosseini, A., Banaitis, A., Banaitiene, N. in 2016. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured,

1 nguồn2016
operations management

Total Productive Maintenance

Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is a comprehensive maintenance management approach developed by Seiichi Nakajima in the late 1980s that emphasizes employee involvement, preventive maintenance, and continuous improvement to maximize equipment effectiveness. Unlike traditional reactive maintenance, TPM integrates main

2 nguồn1988
bereavement psychology

TRIG

The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG) is a 21-item multidimensional measure developed by Faschingbauer, Zisook, and DeVaul in 1987 to assess both past grief behaviors (how the person grieved when the death occurred) and present grief feelings (current emotional response to loss). The TRIG is unique in distinguish

1 nguồn1987
decision making

TrueSkill

TrueSkill is a Bayesian skill rating system developed by Herbrich, Minka, and Graepel at Microsoft Research and introduced at NeurIPS 2006. It represents each player's skill as a Gaussian distribution parameterized by a mean (estimated skill) and a variance (uncertainty). After each match outcome, the system updates th

1 nguồn2007
decision making

TVN-MULTIMOORA

TVN-MULTIMOORA (MULTIMOORA under Triangular-Valued Neutrosophic Number Environment) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Stanujkić, D. Zavadskas, E.K. Smarandache, F. Brauers, W.K.M. Karabašević, D. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a

1 nguồn2021
electrical engineering

Unit Commitment

Unit Commitment (UC) is the problem of deciding which power generation units should be switched on or off over a planning horizon (typically 24-168 hours) to minimize total operating cost while meeting demand and reserve requirements. Introduced by Baldwin et al. in 1959, UC is a fundamental scheduling problem in power

3 nguồn1959
decision making

UTA

UTA (UTilités Additives (Additive Utility Assessment)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Jacquet-Lagrèze, E., Siskos, J. in 1982. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1982
decision making

UTADIS

UTADIS (UTilités Additives DIScriminantes (Additive Utility Sorting)) is a sorting multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Devaud, J. M., Groussaud, G., Jacquet-Lagrèze, E. in 1980. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1980
decision making

UTASTAR

UTASTAR (UTA* — Additive utility disaggregation from reference ranking (revised UTA)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Siskos, Y., Yannacopoulos, D. in 1985. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1985
veterinary medicine

Vaccination Protocol Design

Vaccination protocol design is a systematic approach to planning and administering immunizations in animals to prevent infectious disease. Formalized by organizations such as the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) from the 1990s onward, evidence-based protocols balance disease risk, individual animal fac

3 nguồn1990
quality management

Value Stream Mapping

Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a lean management technique used to visualize, analyze, and improve the flow of materials and information required to bring a product or service from raw input to customer delivery. Introduced by Mike Rother and John Shook in their 1999 workbook Learning to See, VSM draws on the Toyota Pro

1 nguồn1999
anxiety disorders

Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory

The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) is a 55-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess the frequency and distress associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms across multiple domains. Developed by Thordarson and colleagues in 2004, the VOCI measures six subscales: Contamination Obsessions, Che

1 nguồn2004
optimization

Variable Neighborhood Search

Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) is a metaheuristic optimization framework introduced by Mladenović and Hansen in 1997. It escapes local optima by systematically switching among a predefined set of neighborhood structures — first perturbing the current solution (shaking) to reach a different region of the search spac

2 nguồn1997
soft computing

Variable Precision Rough Set

Variable Precision Rough Set (VPRS) is an extension of classical rough set theory introduced by Wojciech Ziarko in 1993 to handle real-world data that inevitably contains noise and misclassification. By introducing a precision parameter u controlling the allowable degree of overlap between equivalence classes and a tar

1 nguồn1993
game theory

VCG Mechanism

The Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) Mechanism is a truthful mechanism design solution that allocates resources and determines payments to incentivize participants to reveal their true valuations. Building on William Vickrey's 1961 sealed-bid auction work and extended by Clarke and Groves, VCG ensures that reporting truth i

2 nguồn1961
decision making

VECTOR-NORMALIZATION

VECTOR-NORMALIZATION (Vector (L2) Normalization) is a normalization multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Hwang, C. L. Yoon, K. in 1981. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1981
optimization

Vehicle Routing Problem

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) seeks the minimum-cost set of routes for a fleet of vehicles to serve a collection of geographically dispersed customers, each with a known demand, departing from and returning to a central depot. Originally formulated as the Truck Dispatching Problem by Dantzig and Ramser in 1959, VRP

1 nguồn1959
operations management

Vendor-Managed Inventory

Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) is a supply chain arrangement in which the supplier (vendor) has visibility into the customer's inventory levels and assumes responsibility for replenishing inventory to pre-agreed levels. Rather than customers placing orders based on internal forecasts, the supplier monitors actual consu

2 nguồn2006
positive psychology

VIA Inventory of Strengths

The Values in Action (VIA) Inventory of Strengths, developed by Peterson and Seligman in 2004, is a comprehensive instrument designed to identify and measure 24 core character strengths organized under six virtues. Grounded in ancient philosophy and contemporary psychology, the VIA shifts the focus from deficits and pa

2 nguồn2004
decision making

VIKOR

VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (Multicriteria Optimisation and Compromise Solution)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Opricovic, S. in 1998. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồnadvanced1998
decision making

VIKOR-SMAA

VIKOR-SMAA (VIKOR with Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Tervonen, T. Figueira, J. R. Lahdelma, R. Dias, J. A. Salminen, P. in 2009. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducib

1 nguồn2009
operations research

Wagner-Whitin Algorithm

The Wagner-Whitin Algorithm, introduced by Harvey M. Wagner and Thomson M. Whitin in 1958, is a dynamic programming solution to the capacitated lot-sizing problem. It determines optimal production quantities over multiple periods to minimize the total cost of production setup and inventory holding while meeting determi

2 nguồn1958
decision making

WAM

WAM (Weighted Arithmetic Mean) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 1988. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1988
decision making

WASPAS

WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., Antucheviciene, J., Zakarevicius, A. in 2012. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2012
decision making

WEBIRA

WEBIRA (WEighted Bi-directional Ideal Ratio Analysis) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Krstović, S., Stević, Ž., Stjepanović, Ž., Tomić, V. in 2022. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2022
decision making

WEDBA

WEDBA (Weighted Euclidean Distance Based Approach) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Dadelo, S., Turskis, Z., Zavadskas, E. K., Dadeliene, R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

WEIGHT-SENSITIVITY

WEIGHT-SENSITIVITY (Weight Sensitivity Analysis — Stability intervals for criterion weights) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Saltelli, A., Tarantola, S., Campolongo, F., Ratto, M. in 2004. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, r

1 nguồn2004
decision making

WEIGHTED-VOTING

WEIGHTED-VOTING (Weighted Voting — Weighted positional aggregation of multiple rankings) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Arrow, K. J. in 1951. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1951
decision making

WENSLO

WENSLO (WEight deNomination based on Slope coefficient for objective weighting) is a weight objective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Pamucar, D., Ecer, F., Gligorić, Z., Gligorić, M., Deveci, M. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured

1 nguồn2024
decision making

WGM

WGM (Weighted Geometric Mean) is a aggregation multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Aczél, J. Saaty, T. L. in 1983. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1983
optimization

Whale Optimization Algorithm

The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is a swarm-based metaheuristic introduced by Mirjalili and Lewis in 2016. It models the bubble-net hunting strategy of humpback whales, in which a group of whales spirals around prey while gradually tightening the encirclement. The algorithm balances global exploration and local e

2 nguồn2016
decision making

WHM

WHM (Weighted Harmonic Mean) is a aggregation multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Bullen, P. S. Mitrinović, D. S. Vasić, P. M. in 1988. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1988
efficiency analysis

Window DEA

Window Data Envelopment Analysis (Window DEA) is a non-parametric panel efficiency method that evaluates decision-making units (DMUs) over time by embedding each DMU's observations across a rolling temporal window into a single cross-sectional DEA problem. Introduced by Charnes, Clark, Cooper, and Golany in 1984, it en

1 nguồn1984
decision making

WINGS

WINGS (Weighted Influence Non-linear Gauge System) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Michnik, J. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2013
decision making

WISP

WISP (Weighted Ideal Solution Point) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Stanković, M., Stević, Ž., Das, D. K., Subotić, M., Pamučar, D. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2020
psychotherapy research

Working Alliance Inventory

The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) is a validated, empirically supported measure of the therapeutic alliance—the collaborative relationship between therapist and client. Developed by Horvath and Greenberg in 1989, the WAI operationalizes Bordin's tripartite model of alliance: agreement on goals, agreement on tasks, a

1 nguồn1989
decision making

WPM

WPM (Weighted Product Model) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Miller, D. W., Starr, M. K. in 1969. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1969
decision making

WSM

WSM (Weighted Sum Model (Simple Additive Weighting)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Fishburn, P. C. in 1967. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1967
dentistry

XI

The Xerostomia Inventory (XI) is an 11-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure subjective perception of dry mouth (xerostomia). Developed by Thomson and colleagues in 1999, it has become the standard validated instrument for assessing dry mouth severity in clinical practice and research. The XI captures both

1 nguồn1999
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