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MetodStatistik1,836 AI och ML1,661 Beslutsvetenskap932 Forskningsmetoder1,354 Mätning1,745 Kausalitet & evidens532 Forskningspraktik118

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clinical psychology

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale

The ASRS-v1.1 is an 18-item self-report screening scale for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2005 under World Health Organization auspices. A brief 6-item version provides rapid initial screening. The scale has become standard first-step screening in primary car

1 källa2005

positive psychology

Adult Dispositional Hope Scale

The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, developed by C. Rick Snyder in 1991, is a 12-item measure assessing hope as a cognitive motivational system composed of two independent dimensions: Agency (the motivation and determination to pursue goals) and Pathways (the ability to generate routes to achieve those goals). Grounded

1 källa1991

trauma psychology

Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire

The ACE Questionnaire is a 10-item instrument assessing exposure to adverse experiences during childhood, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Originally developed by Felitti and colleagues at Kaiser Permanente in 1998 as part of the landmark Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, the ACE Score quantifies

2 källor1998

marketing

Advertising Effectiveness Study

Advertising Effectiveness Studies are research methods designed to measure the impact of advertising campaigns on consumer awareness, attitudes, purchase intention, and sales. Developed through work in marketing science and media measurement, these studies employ experimental designs, multivariate analysis, and attribu

3 källor1990

clinical psychology

Affective Lability Scale

The ALS is a 54-item self-report measure of affective lability—rapid, unpredictable shifts in mood and anxiety states. Developed by Harvey, Greenberg, and Serper in 1989, it distinguishes normal emotional responsiveness from pathological mood instability. Affective lability is recognized as feature of bipolar disorder,

1 källa1989

developmental assessment

Ages and Stages Questionnaire

The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3), third edition, developed by Jane Squires and Diane Bricker in 2009, is a parent-completed developmental screening tool designed to identify children aged 1 month to 5.5 years at risk for developmental delay. It is brief, economical, and well-suited for population screening in

2 källor2009

endocrinology

AGHDA

The AGHDA is a 25-item disease-specific quality of life questionnaire designed to assess the burden of adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Developed by Hunt, Werther, and colleagues in 2000, it evaluates symptoms and functional impairments directly related to GH deficiency, including fatigue, reduced muscle strength,

2 källor2000

anxiety disorders

Agoraphobia Cognitions Questionnaire

The Agoraphobia Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ) is a 14-item self-report instrument that assesses catastrophic and safety-related thoughts in individuals with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Developed by Chambless and colleagues in 1984, it measures two domains: fear of loss of control and worry about social consequence

1 källa1984

agronomy

Agrometeorological Yield Model

An agrometeorological yield model is a quantitative framework that relates observed or forecasted weather variables — temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity — to the final grain or biomass yield of a crop. Grounded in plant physiology and agricultural climatology, the approach is used worldwide in food s

2 källor1960

bereavement psychology

AGS

The Anticipatory Grief Scale (AGS) is a measure developed by Theut, Jordan, and colleagues in 1990 to assess grief responses in individuals facing impending loss—such as family members caring for a terminally ill loved one or anticipating a predicted death. The AGS captures the emotional burden, depression, existential

1 källa1990

neurology

AIMS

The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is the standard clinical rating scale for assessing tardive dyskinesia, a iatrogenic movement disorder resulting from chronic antipsychotic medication exposure. Developed by the National Institute of Mental Health in 1976, the 12-item scale systematically measures involunt

1 källa1976

environmental engineering

Air Dispersion Modeling

Air dispersion modeling is a quantitative method to predict the concentration and deposition of air pollutants (dust, gases, particulates) released from industrial sources, traffic, or combustion. Developed empirically by Pasquill and Gifford in the 1960s and formalized into the Gaussian plume model, these methods pred

3 källor1961

psychiatry

Alcohol Dependence Scale

The ADS is a 25-item self-report scale designed to measure the severity of alcohol dependence symptoms according to the alcohol dependence syndrome concept. Developed by Skinner and Allen in 1982, it focuses on dependence-specific features (withdrawal, tolerance, loss of control, continued use despite harm) rather than

3 källor1982

biomaterials

Alizarin Red Staining

Alizarin red-S (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid) is a calcium-binding dye that forms a colored complex with mineralized deposits, enabling direct visualization and quantification of bone matrix mineralization. Developed as a standard assay by Gregory and colleagues in 2004, alizarin red staining is widely us

3 källor2004

forestry

Allometric Biomass Equation

Allometric equations predict tree above-ground or total biomass from easily measured tree dimensions—typically diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and wood density. Grounded in biological allometry (scaling laws) and codified by Chave, Niklas, and others, allometric equations are essential tools for rapid biomass

4 källor1990

pharmacology

Allometric PK Scaling

Allometric scaling is a mathematical approach for predicting human pharmacokinetics from preclinical animal data using body weight relationships. Developed systematically by Mordenti and colleagues in the late 1980s, it enables rational first-in-human dose prediction without assuming species-specific metabolic differen

2 källor1989

dermatology

ALPPQ

The Hair Loss Impact Questionnaire (Alopecia Areata Patient Priority Outcomes Questionnaire, ALPPQ) is a disease-specific, patient-administered quality-of-life measure assessing the psychosocial and functional burden of alopecia areata, a chronic autoimmune disorder causing patchy hair loss. Alopecia areata affects app

2 källor2014

neurology

ALSFRS-R

The ALSFRS-R is a 12-item clinician-administered functional rating scale designed to assess disease progression and functional status in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Introduced by Cedarbaum and colleagues in 1999, it expands upon the original ALSFRS by incorporating respiratory function assessment. It is the pr

1 källa1999

neuropsychology

Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive

The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) is a clinician-administered cognitive assessment instrument designed specifically to measure cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Developed by Rosen, Mohs, and Davis in 1984 and published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, the ADAS-Cog has become th

3 källor1984

geophysics

Ambient Noise Tomography

Ambient Noise Tomography (ANT) is a seismic imaging method that extracts surface wave information from long-term records of seismic background noise, enabling high-resolution imaging of crustal and upper mantle structure. Developed by Shapiro, Campillo, and colleagues in 2005, ANT has revolutionized seismic imaging by

2 källor2005

ophthalmology

AMD-QoL

The AMD Quality of Life (AMD-QoL) scale is a disease-specific instrument designed to measure the impact of age-related macular degeneration on patient-reported health-related quality of life. Developed by Mitchell, Bradley, and colleagues (2005), the AMD-QoL addresses concerns unique to macular disease: central vision

2 källor2005

marketing management

American Customer Satisfaction Index

The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI), developed by Fornell and colleagues in 1996, is a structural equation modeling-based approach to measuring and predicting customer satisfaction across industries and over time. ACSI assesses customer expectations, perceived value, perceived quality, complaints, and loyal

2 källor1996

sports medicine

American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score

The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Standardized Assessment Form is a hybrid outcome instrument combining patient self-report and clinician assessment to evaluate shoulder function and pain. Developed by the ASES Committee in 1994 and published in the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, the ASES Score ha

1 källa1994

neuroimaging

Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation

Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation (ALFF) is a resting-state fMRI metric that quantifies the strength of spontaneous low-frequency oscillations (typically 0.01–0.1 Hz) in the brain. Introduced by Yang and colleagues in 2007, ALFF provides a voxel-wise measure of local brain activity, reflecting the amplitude of spo

2 källor2007

analytical chemistry

Analytical Method Validation

Analytical method validation is a systematic process of establishing documented evidence that an analytical method is suitable for its intended use in measuring the identity, purity, strength, and/or content of a substance. Governed by regulatory agencies (FDA, ICH) and industry standards (USP, EP), validation ensures

3 källor1995

psychometrics

Anchor-Based Minimal Important Difference

The anchor-based method for establishing Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) is a technique for determining the smallest change in a patient-reported outcome (PRO) that patients or clinicians perceive as meaningful or important. Pioneered by Guyatt, Jaeschke, and Singer in 1989, this approach anchors changes

3 källor1989

veterinary medicine

Anesthesia Risk Scoring in Veterinary Medicine

Anesthesia risk scoring is a systematic preoperative assessment method that stratifies patient risk based on medical history, physical findings, and health status. Adapted from the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification (developed for humans in 1941) and refined for veterinary species thro

3 källor1941

veterinary science

Animal BLUP

Animal BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Predictor) is a statistical method for estimating the genetic merit (breeding values) of livestock based on their own performance and the performance of their relatives. Developed by Charles R. Henderson in 1949 and refined continuously since, Animal BLUP accounts for pedigree relation

3 källor1949

obstetrics gynecology

Antenatal Depression Scale

The Antenatal Depression Scale (ADS) is a 10-item self-report screening instrument designed to identify depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Adapted from the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the ADS measures depressive mood, anhedonia, guilt, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and self-harm during the antenatal p

2 källor1987

veterinary medicine

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing in Veterinary Medicine

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is a systematic in vitro laboratory method that determines which antimicrobial agents are effective against an isolated bacterial or fungal pathogen. Standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and other regulatory bodies since the 1960s, AST guides

3 källor1960

anxiety disorders

Anxiety Sensitivity Index

The Anxiety Sensitivity Index–3 (ASI-3) is an 18-item self-report questionnaire that measures anxiety sensitivity—the tendency to fear bodily sensations and interpret them as signs of impending threat. Developed by Taylor and colleagues in 2007, it distinguishes between three domains of anxiety sensitivity: physical, c

1 källa2007

clinical assessment

APACHE II Score

The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, introduced by Knaus et al. in 1985, is a 71-point severity of illness classification system for critically ill patients. It combines acute physiological parameters, age, and chronic health status to predict intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, facili

2 källor1985

clinical assessment

Apgar Score

The Apgar score, introduced by Virginia Apgar in 1952, is a 10-point rapid assessment of newborn vital status immediately after birth. It evaluates appearance, pulse, grimace (reflex irritability), activity, and respiration at 1 and 5 minutes of life, providing an objective, reproducible measure of neonatal condition a

2 källor1952

speech language pathology

Aphasia Impact Questionnaire

The Aphasia Impact Questionnaire (AIQ), most commonly administered as the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL-39), is a comprehensive 39-item self-report measure of health-related quality of life in adults with aphasia following stroke or acquired brain injury. Developed by Hilari and colleagues (2003), AIQ

3 källor2003

survey methodology

API-based Data Collection

API-based data collection is a systematic technique in which a researcher sends structured requests to an application programming interface to retrieve data automatically from digital platforms, databases, or services. It is the primary method used in computational social science to gather large-scale social media reco

2 källor2000

veterinary science

Apparent Total Tract Digestibility

Apparent Total Tract Digestibility (ATTD) is a measure of the proportion of a nutrient consumed in feed that is absorbed by the animal, calculated from the difference between dietary intake and fecal excretion. Standardized since the 1970s, ATTD is essential for quantifying the bioavailability of nutrients in feedstuff

3 källor1970

occupational health

Areas of Worklife Scale

The Areas of Worklife Scale (AWS) is a multidimensional assessment tool designed to measure organizational and job factors associated with occupational burnout. Developed by Leiter and Maslach in 2004, the AWS evaluates six critical job dimensions: workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values alignment. U

1 källa2004

urology gynecology

Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale

The ASEX is a brief, five-item self-report screening measure designed to assess sexual dysfunction in patients taking psychotropic medications, particularly antidepressants and antipsychotics. First published by McGahuey and colleagues in 2000, it rapidly measures sexual desire, arousal, penile erection (or lubrication

2 källor2000

pharmacology

Arrhenius Stability

Arrhenius stability testing predicts pharmaceutical product shelf-life by conducting accelerated degradation studies at elevated temperatures and using the Arrhenius equation to extrapolate to storage conditions. Based on Svante Arrhenius's 1889 equation relating reaction rate to temperature, this method is regulatory

2 källor1889

physical therapy

Ashworth Scale for Spasticity

The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is a clinical rating scale for assessing muscle spasticity, quantifying the resistance to passive movement on a 0-4 scale plus an additional grade. Originally developed by B. Ashworth in 1964 and refined by Bohannon and Smith in 1987, the MAS is the most widely used bedside tool for ev

2 källor1964

neonatology

ASQ:SE-2

The ASQ:SE-2 is a parent-completed screening questionnaire assessing social-emotional competencies and behavioral concerns in infants and young children aged 3 months to 5.5 years. Developed by Squires, Bricker, and Twombly (2009) and revised in 2015, it measures domains including self-regulation, compliance, adaptive

2 källor2009

rehabilitation science

Assessment of Life Habits

The Assessment of Life Habits (LIFE-H) is a comprehensive, interview-based measure that evaluates participation in 11 key life domains—from basic self-care and nutrition to work, recreation, and community engagement. Developed in Quebec by Fougeyrollas, Noreau, and colleagues, LIFE-H operationalizes the ICF concept of

2 källor1992

psychiatry

Athens Insomnia Scale

The AIS is an 8-item self-report scale designed to assess insomnia severity in adolescents and adults, based on ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder. Developed by Soldatos and colleagues in 2000, it is widely used in European primary care, psychiatry, and sleep medicine for screening and severity assessment

3 källor2000

sport psychology

Athletic Identity Measurement Scale

The AIMS is a 10-item questionnaire assessing the degree to which being an athlete is central to an individual's self-concept and identity. Developed by Brewer, Van Raalte, and Linder in 1993, the AIMS has become the standard instrument for measuring athletic identity and is widely used to predict athlete coping respon

2 källor1993

analytical chemistry

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of metal elements by detecting the absorption of light by ground-state metal atoms in the gaseous state. Invented by Alan Walsh in 1955, it rapidly became the standard method for trace metal analysis in environmental, clinical, ag

3 källor1955

materials science

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a scanning probe technique that measures nanoscale surface topography and mechanical properties by monitoring interactions between a sharp cantilever tip and a sample surface. Invented by Gerd Binnig in 1986 as an extension of scanning tunneling microscopy, AFM requires neither electric

3 källor1986

social psychology

Attachment Style Questionnaire

The Attachment Style Questionnaire is a self-report instrument measuring adult romantic attachment patterns based on attachment theory. Developed following Hazan and Shaver's seminal 1987 work extending John Bowlby's attachment theory to adult romantic relationships, the ASQ assesses individual differences in attachmen

2 källor1987

integrative medicine

Attitudes toward CAM Scale

The ACAMS is a self-report instrument measuring healthcare professionals' and students' attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Developed in the early 2000s, it assesses openness, acceptance, and perceived legitimacy of CAM alongside conventional medicine, helping identify educational gaps and organiza

2 källor2003

human computer interaction

AttrakDiff/UEQ

AttrakDiff and the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) are assessment instruments for measuring user experience across multiple dimensions. AttrakDiff, developed by Marc Hassenzahl, evaluates the tension between pragmatic quality (functionality, usability, does the system do what I need?) and hedonic quality (beauty, e

2 källor2003

accounting

Attribute Sampling in Auditing

Attribute sampling is a statistical sampling method used primarily in testing the operating effectiveness of internal controls. Rather than measuring the dollar impact of errors (as in substantive sampling), attribute sampling answers a yes/no question: 'Does this control exist and is it operating as designed?' By dete

2 källor1972

health measurement

AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a 10-item screening and assessment tool developed by the World Health Organization in 1993. It rapidly identifies hazardous alcohol use, harmful drinking, and alcohol dependence across diverse populations. The AUDIT has become the gold-standard alcohol screening

3 källor1993

accounting

Audit Risk Model

The Audit Risk Model is a foundational framework developed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) that structures audit planning by decomposing overall audit risk into three components: inherent risk, control risk, and detection risk. This model guides auditors in allocating resources and des

2 källor1983

health measurement

AUDIT-C

The AUDIT-C is a 3-item brief alcohol screening tool derived from the first three questions of the full AUDIT. Published by Bush and colleagues in 2003, it assesses alcohol consumption frequency and quantity in under one minute. The AUDIT-C has become the standard ultra-brief screen for problem drinking in primary care

3 källor2003

addiction medicine

AUQ

The AUQ is an 8-item self-report instrument that measures the intensity of urges and desire to drink alcohol. Developed by Bohn, Krahn, and Staehler in 1995, it is designed to assess craving in individuals with alcohol use disorder who are abstaining or attempting to reduce drinking. The AUQ is a brief, validated tool

1 källa1995

organizational behavior

Authentic Leadership Scale

The Authentic Leadership Scale (ALS) is a 16-item instrument measuring four dimensions of authentic leadership: self-awareness, relational transparency, balanced processing, and internalized moral perspective. Developed by Walumbwa, Avolio, and colleagues in 2008, the ALS assesses leadership grounded in self-knowledge

2 källor2008

child psychiatry

Autism Spectrum Quotient

The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a brief self- or observer-report measure of autism-spectrum traits in adolescents and adults. Developed by Simon Baron-Cohen and colleagues in 2001, the original 50-item version (AQ-50) quantifies propensity toward autism across five domains: social skills, attention to detail, atte

2 källor2001

strategic management

Balanced Scorecard Performance Measure

The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a strategic management system that translates organizational strategy into a coherent set of performance measures across four perspectives: Financial, Customer, Internal Process, and Learning and Growth. Developed by Kaplan and Norton (1992) in Harvard Business Review, the BSC addresses

3 källor1992

addiction medicine

BAM

The BAM is a 17-item self-report instrument designed to provide rapid, multimodal assessment of substance use, craving, risk factors, protective factors, and psychosocial functioning in individuals receiving addiction treatment. Developed by Cacciola and colleagues in 2013, it serves as an efficient outcome monitoring

1 källa2013

sports science

Banister TRIMP

The Training Impulse (TRIMP) model, developed by Eric Banister and colleagues (1975), quantifies the physiological stimulus of a training session by combining duration and intensity. The Banister fitness-fatigue model proposes that training effects on performance follow two opposing dynamics: fitness (beneficial) accum

3 källor1975

child psychiatry

Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale

The Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale (BAARS-IV) is a 27-item self- or observer-report measure of ADHD symptoms and executive function deficits in adolescents and adults. Developed by Russell Barkley and colleagues, the BAARS operationalizes ADHD beyond the traditional inattention and hyperactivity domains to include exe

2 källor2011

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