Comparar métodos

	Testes de cointegração em painel (Pedroni, Kao, Westerlund)	Estimador Augmented Mean Group (AMG)	Regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO)	Modelo de Efeitos Fixos para Dados em Painel
Área	Econometria	Econometria	Econometria	Econometria
Família	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Ano de origem	2004	2010	2019	2014
Autor original	Pedroni; Kao; Westerlund	Eberhardt & Teal; Bond & Eberhardt	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
Tipo	Panel cointegration test	Heterogeneous panel data estimator	Linear regression	Panel data regression
Fonte seminal	Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597–625.	Eberhardt, M. & Teal, F. (2010). Productivity Analysis in Global Manufacturing Production. Economics Series Working Papers, No. 515, University of Oxford.	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Outros nomes	Pedroni cointegration test, Kao cointegration test, Westerlund cointegration test, panel long-run equilibrium tests	AMG estimator, augmented mean group, Artırılmış Ortalama Grup Tahmincisi (AMG)	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
Relacionados	3	4	5	5
Resumo	Panel cointegration tests check whether a set of integrated variables share a stable long-run equilibrium relationship across a panel of cross-sectional units. Pedroni (1999, 2004) provides heterogeneous-panel tests with seven statistics, Kao (1999) gives an ADF-based homogeneous-panel test, and Westerlund (2007) adds error-correction-based tests robust to structural breaks and cross-sectional dependence.	The Augmented Mean Group estimator, developed by Eberhardt and Teal (2010), is a panel data method for estimating heterogeneous slope coefficients in the presence of cross-sectional dependence. It approximates the unobserved common dynamic process driving all units and folds it into unit-by-unit regressions, then averages the results.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).